The Seven Cases
A1–B1Nouns and cases 6 min
Ukrainian has seven cases: a noun's ending shows its role in the sentence, and each preposition calls for its own case. Each case answers its own questions, such as де? (where?) and куди́? (where to?): Я в Ки́єві. Я ї́ду в Ки́їв.
No information at the current level. This view starts at A1: choose A1 or a higher level.
No information at the current level. This view starts at A1: choose A1 or a higher level.
CheatsheetA1–B1
| Case | Questions and role | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | хто? / що?: the subject | Студе́нт чита́є. | The student is reading. |
| Accusative | кого́? / що?: the direct object; куди́? | Я чита́ю кни́жку. | I'm reading a book. |
| Locative | де?: the place, always with a preposition | Ми живемо́ в Ки́єві. | We live in Kyiv. |
| Vocative | addressing someone | Оле́но, приві́т! | Hi, Olena! |
| A2Genitive | кого́? / чого́?: quantity, з, до | Тут бага́то студе́нтів. | There are a lot of students here. |
| A2Dative | кому́? / чому́?: the recipient | Я дару́ю ма́мі кві́ти. | I'm giving Mum flowers. |
| A2Instrumental | ким? / чим?: the tool; з someone | Я пишу́ ру́чкою. | I write with a pen. |
| B1Preposition | one preposition, different cases, different meanings | за годи́ну ≠ за буди́нком | in an hour ≠ behind the house |
| Trap | де? takes the locative, куди́? the accusative | Я в кімна́ті ≠ Я йду в кімна́ту | I'm in the room ≠ I'm going into the room |
| A2Trap | з: from where takes the genitive, with whom the instrumental | Я з Ки́єва ≠ Я з бра́том | I'm from Kyiv ≠ I'm with my brother |
OverviewA1
- A noun changes its ending by case: each case is a role in the sentence. Ма́ма тут. / Я ба́чу ма́му. / Ма́мо, ході́ сюди́! — Mum is here. / I can see Mum. / Mum, come here!
- A preposition calls for a set case, and the question tells you which: Ми в па́рку. / Ми йдемо́ в парк. — We're in the park. / We're going to the park.
- Word order is freer than in English: the ending shows each word's role. Ма́ма ба́чить та́та. = Та́та ба́чить ма́ма. — Mum sees Dad. = Mum sees Dad.
The cases and their questionsA1–A2
| Case | Questions | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | хто? / що? | Брат чита́є. | My brother is reading. |
| A2Genitive | кого́? / чого́? | Я ї́ду до бра́та. | I'm going to my brother's. |
| A2Dative | кому́? / чому́? | Я дзвоню́ бра́тові. | I'm calling my brother. |
| Accusative | кого́? / що? | Я ба́чу бра́та. | I can see my brother. |
| A2Instrumental | ким? / чим? | Я гуля́ю з бра́том. | I'm out walking with my brother. |
| Locative | на ко́му? / на чо́му? / де? | Кни́жка на столі́. | The book is on the table. |
| Vocative | addressing someone | Бра́те, допоможи́! | Help me, brother! |
One word in every caseA1–A2
| Case | брат | ма́ма | мі́сто |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | брат | ма́ма | мі́сто |
| A2Genitive | бра́та | ма́ми | мі́ста |
| A2Dative | бра́тові / бра́ту | ма́мі | мі́сту |
| Accusative | бра́та | ма́му | мі́сто |
| A2Instrumental | бра́том | ма́мою | мі́стом |
| Locative | (на) бра́тові | (на) ма́мі | (у) мі́сті |
| Vocative | бра́те | ма́мо | мі́сто |
A2
- The dative of masculine nouns has two endings: -ові and -у. Я пишу́ бра́тові. — I'm writing to my brother.
Prepositions and casesA1–B1
| Preposition | Case | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| у / в / на | where? the locative | Ми на вокза́лі. | We're at the station. |
| у / в / на | where to? the accusative | Ми ї́демо на вокза́л. | We're going to the station. |
| A2з / із / зі | from where? the genitive | Я з Ки́єва. | I'm from Kyiv. |
| A2з / із / зі | with whom? with what? the instrumental | Чай із лимо́ном. | Tea with lemon. |
| A2до | where to? to whom? the genitive | Я йду до бра́та. | I'm going to my brother's. |
| A2за | where? the instrumental | Сад за буди́нком. | The garden is behind the house. |
| B1за | in how long? the accusative | Я зроблю́ це за годи́ну. | I'll do it in an hour. |
- Prepositions of place and movement: Where, Where To, Where From: де, куди, звідки.
Typical errorsA1–A2
| ✗ | ✓ | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| Ми живемо́ в Ки́їв. | Ми живемо́ в Ки́єві. | де? takes the locative |
| Я ба́чу ма́ма. | Я ба́чу ма́му. | the direct object takes the accusative |
| A2Я гуля́ю з брат. | Я гуля́ю з бра́том. | з meaning “with” takes the instrumental |
| A2Я дзвоню́ бра́та. | Я дзвоню́ бра́тові. | дзвони́ти takes the dative: you call кому́? |