English

The Seven Cases

A1–B1Nouns and cases 6 min

Ukrainian has seven cases: a noun's ending shows its role in the sentence, and each preposition calls for its own case. Each case answers its own questions, such as де? (where?) and куди́? (where to?): Я в Ки́єві. Я ї́ду в Ки́їв.

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CheatsheetA1–B1

CaseQuestions and roleExampleEnglish
Nominativeхто? / що?: the subjectСтуде́нт чита́є.The student is reading.
Accusativeкого́? / що?: the direct object; куди́?Я чита́ю кни́жку.I'm reading a book.
Locativeде?: the place, always with a prepositionМи живемо́ в Ки́єві.We live in Kyiv.
Vocativeaddressing someoneОле́но, приві́т!Hi, Olena!
A2Genitiveкого́? / чого́?: quantity, з, доТут бага́то студе́нтів.There are a lot of students here.
A2Dativeкому́? / чому́?: the recipientЯ дару́ю ма́мі кві́ти.I'm giving Mum flowers.
A2Instrumentalким? / чим?: the tool; з someoneЯ пишу́ ру́чкою.I write with a pen.
B1Prepositionone preposition, different cases, different meaningsза годи́ну ≠ за буди́нкомin an hour ≠ behind the house
Trapде? takes the locative, куди́? the accusativeЯ в кімна́ті ≠ Я йду в кімна́туI'm in the room ≠ I'm going into the room
A2Trapз: from where takes the genitive, with whom the instrumentalЯ з Ки́єва ≠ Я з бра́томI'm from Kyiv ≠ I'm with my brother

OverviewA1

  • A noun changes its ending by case: each case is a role in the sentence. Ма́ма тут. / Я ба́чу ма́му. / Ма́мо, ході́ сюди́! — Mum is here. / I can see Mum. / Mum, come here!
  • A preposition calls for a set case, and the question tells you which: Ми в па́рку. / Ми йдемо́ в парк. — We're in the park. / We're going to the park.
  • Word order is freer than in English: the ending shows each word's role. Ма́ма ба́чить та́та. = Та́та ба́чить ма́ма. — Mum sees Dad. = Mum sees Dad.

The cases and their questionsA1–A2

CaseQuestionsExampleEnglish
Nominativeхто? / що?Брат чита́є.My brother is reading.
A2Genitiveкого́? / чого́?Я ї́ду до бра́та.I'm going to my brother's.
A2Dativeкому́? / чому́?Я дзвоню́ бра́тові.I'm calling my brother.
Accusativeкого́? / що?Я ба́чу бра́та.I can see my brother.
A2Instrumentalким? / чим?Я гуля́ю з бра́том.I'm out walking with my brother.
Locativeна ко́му? / на чо́му? / де?Кни́жка на столі́.The book is on the table.
Vocativeaddressing someoneБра́те, допоможи́!Help me, brother!

One word in every caseA1–A2

Caseбратма́мамі́сто
Nominativeбратма́мамі́сто
A2Genitiveбра́тама́мимі́ста
A2Dativeбра́тові / бра́тума́мімі́сту
Accusativeбра́тама́мумі́сто
A2Instrumentalбра́томма́моюмі́стом
Locative(на) бра́тові(на) ма́мі(у) мі́сті
Vocativeбра́тема́момі́сто
A2
  • The dative of masculine nouns has two endings: -ові and -у. Я пишу́ бра́тові. — I'm writing to my brother.

Prepositions and casesA1–B1

PrepositionCaseExampleEnglish
у / в / наwhere? the locativeМи на вокза́лі.We're at the station.
у / в / наwhere to? the accusativeМи ї́демо на вокза́л.We're going to the station.
A2з / із / зіfrom where? the genitiveЯ з Ки́єва.I'm from Kyiv.
A2з / із / зіwith whom? with what? the instrumentalЧай із лимо́ном.Tea with lemon.
A2доwhere to? to whom? the genitiveЯ йду до бра́та.I'm going to my brother's.
A2заwhere? the instrumentalСад за буди́нком.The garden is behind the house.
B1заin how long? the accusativeЯ зроблю́ це за годи́ну.I'll do it in an hour.

Typical errorsA1–A2

✗✓Rule
Ми живемо́ в Ки́їв.Ми живемо́ в Ки́єві.де? takes the locative
Я ба́чу ма́ма.Я ба́чу ма́му.the direct object takes the accusative
A2Я гуля́ю з брат.Я гуля́ю з бра́том.з meaning “with” takes the instrumental
A2Я дзвоню́ бра́та.Я дзвоню́ бра́тові.дзвони́ти takes the dative: you call кому́?

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