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Cheatsheet: Concessive Clauses: aunque, a pesar de que, por más que

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Concessive Clauses: aunque, a pesar de que, por más que

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Aunque with the indicativea real fact or new informationAunque me duele la cabeza, voy a trabajar.Even though my head hurts, I'm going to work.
Aunque with the present subjunctivea known fact that does not matter, or a possibilityAunque esté lloviendo, voy a correr. / Aunque me lo pidas mil veces, no lo haré.Even if it's raining, I'm going to run. / Even if you ask me a thousand times, I won't do it.
Aunque with the imperfect subjunctivea hypothesis, with the conditional in the main clauseAunque me lo pidieras mil veces, no lo haría.Even if you asked me a thousand times, I wouldn't do it.
Other linkersa pesar de que and por más que take the indicative or the subjunctivePor más que lo intenté, no pude abrirla. / Por más que lo intente, no podrá abrirla.However hard I tried, I couldn't open it. / However hard he tries, he won't be able to open it.
With siincluso si and tanto si … como si take the indicativeTanto si llueve como si no, saldremos.Whether it rains or not, we'll go out.
C1Reduplicatedthe verb repeats in the subjunctive with a relative wordPase lo que pase, te ayudaré.Whatever happens, I'll help you.
C1Formal linkerssi bien and aun cuando introduce an obstacle in formal languageSi bien lo sabía, no dijo nada.Although he knew it, he said nothing.
C1Emphaticcon lo que with the indicative stresses the amountCon lo que llueve, ¿vas a salir?With all this rain, are you going out?
C2Así with the subjunctiveasí with the subjunctive means the same as aunque in informal speechNo lo vendo, así me ofrezcan un millón.I won't sell it, even if they offer me a million.
C2Correlativetwo options in the subjunctive: it does not matter which one is chosenQue lo diga o que lo calle, me da igual.Whether he says it or keeps quiet, I don't care.
Trapaunque already contrasts: it takes no peroAunque llueve, salgo.Although it's raining, I go out.

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