Cheatsheet: The past
The past
Tense Map
| Tense | Meaning | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | habits, facts, now | Siempre desayuno café. | I always have coffee for breakfast. |
| Present continuous | an action going on now | Estoy estudiando. | I'm studying. |
| Present perfect | experience, a time up to now | ¿Has estado en Chile? | Have you been to Chile? |
| Preterite | a finished event | Ayer fui al cine. | I went to the cinema yesterday. |
| Imperfect | description, habits | De niño vivía en Lima. | As a child I lived in Lima. |
| B1Estaba with the gerund | an action going on at a past moment | Estaba cocinando cuando llamaste. | I was cooking when you called. |
| B1Past perfect | before another past action | El tren ya había salido. | The train had already left. |
| Future with ir a | plans, the near future | Voy a viajar en julio. | I'm going to travel in July. |
| Present | a fixed plan with a time word | Mañana trabajo temprano. | I'm working early tomorrow. |
| B1Future | predictions, promises | Mañana lloverá. | It will rain tomorrow. |
| B1Conditional | polite wishes, advice | Me gustaría un café. | I'd like a coffee. |
Present Perfect: he comido
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Form | he / has / ha / hemos / han + past participle | ¿Has estado en Perú? | Have you been to Peru? |
| Form | vosotros: habéis + past participle | ¿Habéis terminado? | Have you finished? |
| Form | participle: hablar → hablado, comer → comido, vivir → vivido | Nunca he vivido sola. | I've never lived on my own. |
| Form | irregular participles: hacer → hecho, escribir → escrito, ver → visto | Ya he hecho la cena. | I've already made dinner. |
| Form | more irregular participles: decir → dicho, poner → puesto, volver → vuelto, abrir → abierto | ¿Quién ha abierto la ventana? | Who has opened the window? |
| Use | experience up to now, with alguna vez and nunca | ¿Has probado el mole alguna vez? | Have you ever tried mole? |
| Use | done or not yet done, with ya and todavía no | Todavía no he terminado. | I haven't finished yet. |
| Use | a time that includes now: hoy, esta mañana, este año | Esta mañana he ido al médico. | I went to the doctor this morning. |
| Use | a situation that goes on up to now | Siempre he vivido aquí. | I've always lived here. |
| Trap | object pronouns and no go before haber | No lo he visto. | I haven't seen it. |
| Trap | a finished time such as ayer takes the preterite | Ayer fui al cine. | I went to the cinema yesterday. |
Preterite: comí
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Form | hablar: hablé / hablaste / habló / hablamos / hablaron | Ayer trabajé mucho. | I worked a lot yesterday. |
| Form | comer / vivir: comí / comiste / comió / comimos / comieron | Anoche comimos pizza. | We had pizza last night. |
| Form | vosotros: hablasteis / comisteis / vivisteis | ¿Visteis el partido? | Did you see the match? |
| Form | ser and ir share one set of forms: fui / fue / fueron | El sábado fuimos al cine. | On Saturday we went to the cinema. |
| Form | a new stem, with no accent: tener → tuve, hacer → hice | Ayer tuve un examen. | I had an exam yesterday. |
| B1Form | spelling changes in yo: buscar → busqué, llegar → llegué, empezar → empecé | El lunes empecé a trabajar. | On Monday I started work. |
| B1Form | stem-changing -ir verbs change in él and ellos: pedir → pidió, dormir → durmió | El niño durmió toda la noche. | The child slept all night. |
| Use | an action finished at a stated past time | Ana nació en 2001. | Ana was born in 2001. |
| Use | a chain of events, one after another | Llegué, cené y me acosté. | I got home, had dinner and went to bed. |
| B1Use | a whole period that is over, with its length | Viví tres años en Quito. | I lived in Quito for three years. |
| Trap | the accent marks the past: hablo ≠ habló | Ayer Ana habló conmigo. | Ana talked to me yesterday. |
| Trap | fui / fue / vi / dio have no written accent | Te vi ayer. | I saw you yesterday. |
Imperfect: comía
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Form | hablar: hablaba / hablabas / hablaba / hablábamos / hablaban | Antes trabajaba en un banco. | I used to work in a bank. |
| Form | comer / vivir: comía / comías / comía / comíamos / comían | De niña vivía en el campo. | As a child I lived in the countryside. |
| Form | vosotros: hablabais / comíais / vivíais | ¿Dónde vivíais antes? | Where did you live before? |
| Form | irregular: ser → era, ir → iba, ver → veía | La casa era pequeña. | The house was small. |
| Use | a description of people, things, places and time | Mi abuelo tenía una casa grande. | My grandfather had a big house. |
| Use | a habit in the past | Todos los días iba al colegio en bus. | I went to school by bus every day. |
| B1Use | an action in progress when something else happened | Cuando llegué, llovía. | When I arrived, it was raining. |
| B1Use | a polite request with quería | Quería un café, por favor. | I'd like a coffee, please. |
| Form | hay → había, singular for every number | Había muchos niños. | There were a lot of children. |
| Trap | yo and él share one form: yo trabajaba, él trabajaba | Ella cocinaba y yo limpiaba. | She did the cooking and I did the cleaning. |
| Trap | every ía form and hablábamos carry an accent | Siempre hablábamos en inglés. | We always spoke English. |
Preterite or Imperfect
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preterite | a finished event: what happened | Ayer comí paella. | I had paella yesterday. |
| Imperfect | the scene: how things were | La paella estaba muy rica. | The paella was delicious. |
| Preterite | one time, or a stated number of times | El verano pasado fui tres veces a la playa. | Last summer I went to the beach three times. |
| Imperfect | a habit, with no number | Cada verano iba a la playa. | I went to the beach every summer. |
| B1Both | the action going on in the imperfect, the event in the preterite | Yo dormía cuando sonó el teléfono. | I was sleeping when the phone rang. |
| B1Both | estaba + gerund for an action in progress | Estábamos cenando cuando llegó Pedro. | We were having dinner when Pedro arrived. |
| B1Both | a whole event judged: fue; a description: era | El viaje fue genial. / El hotel era bonito. | The trip was great. / The hotel was nice. |
| B1Meaning | conocí is meeting someone; conocía is knowing them | Conocí a Laura en una fiesta. | I met Laura at a party. |
| B1Meaning | supe is finding out; sabía is knowing | Supe la noticia por la radio. | I found out the news on the radio. |
| B1Trap | a period with its length, now over, takes the preterite | Estuve dos horas en el banco. | I was at the bank for two hours. |
| Trap | a stage of life is the scene: cuando era niño | Cuando era niño, vivía en Cali. | When I was a child, I lived in Cali. |
Present Perfect or Preterite
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preterite | a finished time: ayer, el año pasado, hace dos años | El año pasado viajé a Chile. | Last year I travelled to Chile. |
| Perfect | experience up to now: alguna vez, nunca | ¿Has estado alguna vez en Chile? | Have you ever been to Chile? |
| Perfect | a situation that goes on up to now | Siempre he vivido aquí. | I've always lived here. |
| Perfect | a time that includes now: hoy, esta semana, este año | Hoy he comido paella. | I had paella today. |
| Preterite | a finished action, today too: hoy, esta semana, este año | Hoy comí paella. | I had paella today. |
| Perfect | ya and something just said or done | ¿Ya has terminado? | Have you finished yet? |
| Preterite | ya and something just said or done | ¿Ya terminaste? | Have you finished yet? |
| B1Both | nunca up to now takes the perfect; nunca in a finished period takes the preterite | Nunca he estado allí en mi vida. / Nunca estuve allí en aquella época. | I've never been there in my life. / I was never there at that time. |
| Trap | ayer never takes the perfect | Ayer vi a Juan. | I saw Juan yesterday. |
Past Perfect: había comido
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Form | había / habías / había / habíamos / habían + past participle | Ya habíamos cenado. | We had already had dinner. |
| Form | vosotros: habíais + past participle | ¿Habíais estado antes en Madrid? | Had you been to Madrid before? |
| Form | the participles of the present perfect: hecho, dicho, roto | ¿Quién había roto la ventana? | Who had broken the window? |
| Use | an action before another past action | Cuando llegué, el tren ya había salido. | When I arrived, the train had already left. |
| Use | experience up to a past moment, with nunca | Nunca había comido ceviche antes. | I had never eaten ceviche before. |
| Use | the cause of a past situation | Estaba cansada porque había trabajado mucho. | She was tired because she had worked a lot. |
| Use | what someone said about an earlier action | Me dijo que había perdido el tren. | She told me she had missed the train. |
| Trap | pronouns and no go before había | Ya lo había leído. | I had already read it. |
Irregular Verbs Table
| Infinitive | Present, yo | Preterite | Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| ser | soy | fui | sido |
| ir | voy | fui | ido |
| estar | estoy | estuve | estado |
| tener | tengo | tuve | tenido |
| hacer | hago | hice | hecho |
| ver | veo | vi | visto |
| B1decir | digo | dije | dicho |
| B1poner | pongo | puse | puesto |
| B1poder | puedo | pude | podido |
| B1querer | quiero | quise | querido |
| B1pedir | pido | pedí / pidió | pedido |
| B1conducir | conduzco | conduje | conducido |