English

Cheatsheet: The past

The past

Tense Map

TenseMeaningExampleEnglish
Presenthabits, facts, nowSiempre desayuno café.I always have coffee for breakfast.
Present continuousan action going on nowEstoy estudiando.I'm studying.
Present perfectexperience, a time up to now¿Has estado en Chile?Have you been to Chile?
Preteritea finished eventAyer fui al cine.I went to the cinema yesterday.
Imperfectdescription, habitsDe niño vivía en Lima.As a child I lived in Lima.
B1Estaba with the gerundan action going on at a past momentEstaba cocinando cuando llamaste.I was cooking when you called.
B1Past perfectbefore another past actionEl tren ya había salido.The train had already left.
Future with ir aplans, the near futureVoy a viajar en julio.I'm going to travel in July.
Presenta fixed plan with a time wordMañana trabajo temprano.I'm working early tomorrow.
B1Futurepredictions, promisesMañana lloverá.It will rain tomorrow.
B1Conditionalpolite wishes, adviceMe gustaría un café.I'd like a coffee.

Present Perfect: he comido

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Formhe / has / ha / hemos / han + past participle¿Has estado en Perú?Have you been to Peru?
Formvosotros: habéis + past participle¿Habéis terminado?Have you finished?
Formparticiple: hablar → hablado, comer → comido, vivir → vividoNunca he vivido sola.I've never lived on my own.
Formirregular participles: hacer → hecho, escribir → escrito, ver → vistoYa he hecho la cena.I've already made dinner.
Formmore irregular participles: decir → dicho, poner → puesto, volver → vuelto, abrir → abierto¿Quién ha abierto la ventana?Who has opened the window?
Useexperience up to now, with alguna vez and nunca¿Has probado el mole alguna vez?Have you ever tried mole?
Usedone or not yet done, with ya and todavía noTodavía no he terminado.I haven't finished yet.
Usea time that includes now: hoy, esta mañana, este añoEsta mañana he ido al médico.I went to the doctor this morning.
Usea situation that goes on up to nowSiempre he vivido aquí.I've always lived here.
Trapobject pronouns and no go before haberNo lo he visto.I haven't seen it.
Trapa finished time such as ayer takes the preteriteAyer fui al cine.I went to the cinema yesterday.

Preterite: comí

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Formhablar: hablé / hablaste / habló / hablamos / hablaronAyer trabajé mucho.I worked a lot yesterday.
Formcomer / vivir: comí / comiste / comió / comimos / comieronAnoche comimos pizza.We had pizza last night.
Formvosotros: hablasteis / comisteis / vivisteis¿Visteis el partido?Did you see the match?
Formser and ir share one set of forms: fui / fue / fueronEl sábado fuimos al cine.On Saturday we went to the cinema.
Forma new stem, with no accent: tener → tuve, hacer → hiceAyer tuve un examen.I had an exam yesterday.
B1Formspelling changes in yo: buscar → busqué, llegar → llegué, empezar → empecéEl lunes empecé a trabajar.On Monday I started work.
B1Formstem-changing -ir verbs change in él and ellos: pedir → pidió, dormir → durmióEl niño durmió toda la noche.The child slept all night.
Usean action finished at a stated past timeAna nació en 2001.Ana was born in 2001.
Usea chain of events, one after anotherLlegué, cené y me acosté.I got home, had dinner and went to bed.
B1Usea whole period that is over, with its lengthViví tres años en Quito.I lived in Quito for three years.
Trapthe accent marks the past: hablo ≠ hablóAyer Ana habló conmigo.Ana talked to me yesterday.
Trapfui / fue / vi / dio have no written accentTe vi ayer.I saw you yesterday.

Imperfect: comía

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Formhablar: hablaba / hablabas / hablaba / hablábamos / hablabanAntes trabajaba en un banco.I used to work in a bank.
Formcomer / vivir: comía / comías / comía / comíamos / comíanDe niña vivía en el campo.As a child I lived in the countryside.
Formvosotros: hablabais / comíais / vivíais¿Dónde vivíais antes?Where did you live before?
Formirregular: ser → era, ir → iba, ver → veíaLa casa era pequeña.The house was small.
Usea description of people, things, places and timeMi abuelo tenía una casa grande.My grandfather had a big house.
Usea habit in the pastTodos los días iba al colegio en bus.I went to school by bus every day.
B1Usean action in progress when something else happenedCuando llegué, llovía.When I arrived, it was raining.
B1Usea polite request with queríaQuería un café, por favor.I'd like a coffee, please.
Formhay → había, singular for every numberHabía muchos niños.There were a lot of children.
Trapyo and él share one form: yo trabajaba, él trabajabaElla cocinaba y yo limpiaba.She did the cooking and I did the cleaning.
Trapevery ía form and hablábamos carry an accentSiempre hablábamos en inglés.We always spoke English.

Preterite or Imperfect

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Preteritea finished event: what happenedAyer comí paella.I had paella yesterday.
Imperfectthe scene: how things wereLa paella estaba muy rica.The paella was delicious.
Preteriteone time, or a stated number of timesEl verano pasado fui tres veces a la playa.Last summer I went to the beach three times.
Imperfecta habit, with no numberCada verano iba a la playa.I went to the beach every summer.
B1Boththe action going on in the imperfect, the event in the preteriteYo dormía cuando sonó el teléfono.I was sleeping when the phone rang.
B1Bothestaba + gerund for an action in progressEstábamos cenando cuando llegó Pedro.We were having dinner when Pedro arrived.
B1Botha whole event judged: fue; a description: eraEl viaje fue genial. / El hotel era bonito.The trip was great. / The hotel was nice.
B1Meaningconocí is meeting someone; conocía is knowing themConocí a Laura en una fiesta.I met Laura at a party.
B1Meaningsupe is finding out; sabía is knowingSupe la noticia por la radio.I found out the news on the radio.
B1Trapa period with its length, now over, takes the preteriteEstuve dos horas en el banco.I was at the bank for two hours.
Trapa stage of life is the scene: cuando era niñoCuando era niño, vivía en Cali.When I was a child, I lived in Cali.

Present Perfect or Preterite

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Preteritea finished time: ayer, el año pasado, hace dos añosEl año pasado viajé a Chile.Last year I travelled to Chile.
Perfectexperience up to now: alguna vez, nunca¿Has estado alguna vez en Chile?Have you ever been to Chile?
Perfecta situation that goes on up to nowSiempre he vivido aquí.I've always lived here.
Perfecta time that includes now: hoy, esta semana, este añoHoy he comido paella.I had paella today.
Preteritea finished action, today too: hoy, esta semana, este añoHoy comí paella.I had paella today.
Perfectya and something just said or done¿Ya has terminado?Have you finished yet?
Preteriteya and something just said or done¿Ya terminaste?Have you finished yet?
B1Bothnunca up to now takes the perfect; nunca in a finished period takes the preteriteNunca he estado allí en mi vida. / Nunca estuve allí en aquella época.I've never been there in my life. / I was never there at that time.
Trapayer never takes the perfectAyer vi a Juan.I saw Juan yesterday.

Past Perfect: había comido

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Formhabía / habías / había / habíamos / habían + past participleYa habíamos cenado.We had already had dinner.
Formvosotros: habíais + past participle¿Habíais estado antes en Madrid?Had you been to Madrid before?
Formthe participles of the present perfect: hecho, dicho, roto¿Quién había roto la ventana?Who had broken the window?
Usean action before another past actionCuando llegué, el tren ya había salido.When I arrived, the train had already left.
Useexperience up to a past moment, with nuncaNunca había comido ceviche antes.I had never eaten ceviche before.
Usethe cause of a past situationEstaba cansada porque había trabajado mucho.She was tired because she had worked a lot.
Usewhat someone said about an earlier actionMe dijo que había perdido el tren.She told me she had missed the train.
Trappronouns and no go before habíaYa lo había leído.I had already read it.

Irregular Verbs Table

InfinitivePresent, yoPreteriteParticiple
sersoyfuisido
irvoyfuiido
estarestoyestuveestado
tenertengotuvetenido
hacerhagohicehecho
verveovivisto
B1decirdigodijedicho
B1ponerpongopusepuesto
B1poderpuedopudepodido
B1quererquieroquisequerido
B1pedirpidopedí / pidiópedido
B1conducirconduzcocondujeconducido

Variety

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