か turns a sentence into a question; question words such as なん, だれ and どこ stand where the answer will stand. Add か at the end; the word order stays the same: これはほんですか。
Summary
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| Point | Rule | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pattern | noun + は + noun + ですか | これはほんですか。 | Is this a book? | |
| Question word | It takes the place of the answer; か still ends the sentence. | これはなんですか。 — ペンです。 | What is this? — It is a pen. | |
| Words | なん “what”, だれ “who”, どこ “where”. | トイレはどこですか。 — あそこです。 | Where is the toilet? — Over there. | |
| Answers | はい “yes”, いいえ “no”, then the answer. | はい、ほんです。 / いいえ、ノートです。 | Yes, it is a book. / No, it is a notebook. | |
| Intonation | The voice rises on か. | これはほんですか。↗ | Is this a book? | |
| More words | いつ “when”, いくら “how much”, どれ “which”, どう “how”. | この本はいくらですか。 — 800円です。 | How much is this book? — It is 800 yen. | |
| Verbs | The answer repeats the verb. | あした日本へ行きますか。 — はい、行きます。 | Are you going to Japan tomorrow? — Yes, I am. | |
| Subject | A question word as the subject takes が. | だれが来ますか。 — たなかさんが来ます。 | Who is coming? — Tanaka-san is coming. | |
| Why | どうして asks for a reason; the answer ends in から. | どうしてきのう休みましたか。 — びょうきでしたから。 | Why were you absent from school yesterday? — Because I was ill. | |
| Negative question | はい agrees with the question as asked; いいえ corrects it. | たなかさんは学生じゃありませんか。 — いいえ、学生です。 | Isn’t Tanaka-san a student? — No, he is a student. | |
| Trap | A polite question ends in か; rising voice alone is casual. | あした日本へ行きますか。 | Are you going to Japan tomorrow? |
Overview
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- か at the end makes a question; the word order stays the same. これはほんですか。Is this a book?
- A question word stands where the answer will stand; the rest of the sentence stays. これはほんです。 / これはなんですか。This is a book. / What is this?
- A question word as the subject takes が. See は and が.
Form: questions with か
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| Form | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| noun + は + noun + ですか | これはほんですか。 | Is this a book? | |
| noun + は + adjective + ですか | そのラーメンはおいしいですか。 | Is that ramen good? | |
| noun + でしたか | きのうはあめでしたか。 | Was it rainy yesterday? | |
| verb + ますか | あした日本へ行きますか。 | Are you going to Japan tomorrow? | |
| verb + ましたか | 日本へ行きましたか。 | Did you go to Japan? |
- か follows the polite ending without a pause: ですか, ますか.
Question words
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| Word | Meaning | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| なん | “what” | これはなんですか。 — ペンです。 | What is this? — It is a pen. | |
| だれ | “who” | あのひとはだれですか。 — たなかさんです。 | Who is that person? — That is Tanaka-san. | |
| どこ | “where” | トイレはどこですか。 — あそこです。 | Where is the toilet? — Over there. | |
| いつ | “when” | パーティーはいつですか。 — 土曜日です。 | When is the party? — On Saturday. | |
| いくら | “how much” (price) | この本はいくらですか。 — 800円です。 | How much is this book? — It is 800 yen. | |
| どれ | “which” of three or more things | あなたのかさはどれですか。 — あれです。 | Which one is your umbrella? — That one over there. | |
| どう | “how”, “what is it like” | 日本のりょうりはどうですか。 — とてもおいしいです。 | How is Japanese food? — Very tasty. | |
| 何時 | “what time” | 今、何時ですか。 — 三時です。 | What time is it now? — It is three o’clock. | |
| どうして | “why” | どうしてきのう休みましたか。 — びょうきでしたから。 | Why were you absent from school yesterday? — Because I was ill. |
- なに becomes なん before です, の and counters, and stays なに before を, が and も; one kanji writes both. 何ですか。 / 何を食べますか。What is this? / What do you eat?
- A question word as the subject takes が; the answer takes が too. だれが日本へ行きますか。Who is going to Japan?
- どれ and its family どの, どこ, どちら are in こそあど: This, That, Which; the time in Telling the Time; the prices in Counters.
Answers
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| Answer | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | これはほんですか。 — はい、ほんです。 | Is this a book? — Yes, it is a book. | |
| No | これはほんですか。 — いいえ、ノートです。 | Is this a book? — No, it is a notebook. | |
| Yes to a verb | あした日本へ行きますか。 — はい、行きます。 | Are you going to Japan tomorrow? — Yes, I am. | |
| No to a verb | あした日本へ行きますか。 — いいえ、行きません。 | Are you going to Japan tomorrow? — No, I am not. | |
| Agreeing with a negative question | たなかさんは学生じゃありませんか。 — はい、学生じゃありません。 | Isn’t Tanaka-san a student? — Right, he is not a student. | |
| Correcting a negative question | たなかさんは学生じゃありませんか。 — いいえ、学生です。 | Isn’t Tanaka-san a student? — No, he is a student. |
- はい or いいえ comes first; the answer after it has no か.
- はい confirms what the question says, positive or negative; いいえ denies it.
- The short answers そうです and ちがいます are in です: Am, Is, Are.
Pronunciation: intonation
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| Form | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| With か: the voice rises on か | これはほんですか。↗ | Is this a book? | |
| Casual speech without か: the voice rises on the last syllable | コーヒー、飲む↗ — うん、飲む↘ | Want some coffee? — Yeah, I do. |
- In writing, a polite question ends in か and 。; ? belongs to casual messages. See The Plain Form.
Typical errors
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| Wrong | Right | Rule | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| これはほんです? | これはほんですか。 | a polite question ends in か; rising voice alone is casual | |
| だれは来ますか。 | だれが来ますか。 | a question word as the subject takes が, not は | |
| たなかさんは学生じゃありませんか。 — はい、学生です。 | たなかさんは学生じゃありませんか。 — いいえ、学生です。 | はい agrees with the negative question, so “he is a student” needs いいえ |
Start over
HiraganaThe 46 basic hiragana, one sound each, set out in a table of five vowels and ten rows.Start over
HiraganaThe 46 basic hiragana, one sound each, set out in a table of five vowels and ten rows.