English
EnglishУкраїнськаEspañolPortuguêsFrançaisDeutschItalianoPolskiTürkçeBahasa IndonesiaTiếng Việt

Particles と, も, の

7 min

と joins nouns, も means “also”, の links a noun to the one it describes, and から and まで mark the start and the end. The owner or description comes first, then の, then the noun: アンナさんの本ほんです。

Summary

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

PointRuleExampleEnglishLevel
Andnoun + と + nounパンとたまごを食たべます。I eat bread and eggs.
WithA person plus と is the companion.ともだちと行いきます。I go with a friend.
Alsoも replaces は, が and を.私わたしも学生がくせいです。I'm a student too.
Ofnoun + の + nounこれは私わたしの本ほんです。This is my book.
From and untilから marks the start, まで the end.9時じから5時じまではたらきます。I work from nine to five.
And othersや lists examples; と lists every item.りんごやバナナを食たべます。I eat apples, bananas and the like.
Orか offers a choice between nouns.コーヒーかおちゃを飲のみます。I drink coffee or tea.
TrapIn noun + の + noun the owner or description comes first.これは日本語にほんごの本ほんです。This is a Japanese book.
Trapと joins nouns only; verbs join with the て‑form.パンを食たべて、コーヒーを飲のみます。I eat bread, then I drink coffee.

Overview

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

  • A group of nouns takes one particle, after the last noun. パンとたまごを食たべます。I eat bread and eggs.
  • These particles join nouns only; verbs join with the て‑form. See The て-Form.
  • は and が: see は and が. を, に, で and へ: see Particles を, に, で, へ.

Joining nouns: と, や, か

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

  • と lists every item, や lists examples and leaves others open, か offers a choice.
UseExampleEnglishLevel
と: and, with every item namedパンとたまごを食たべます。I eat bread and eggs.
と after a person: withともだちと日本にほんへ行いきます。I go to Japan with a friend.
と between the two names of a pairアンナさんとジョンさんは学生がくせいです。Anna and John are students.
や: and others of the same kindりんごやバナナを食たべます。I eat apples, bananas and the like.
か: orコーヒーかおちゃを飲のみます。I drink coffee or tea.

も: also

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

  • も takes the place of は, が and を, and follows every other particle.
UseExampleEnglishLevel
Also, in place of は私わたしも学生がくせいです。I'm a student too.
Also, in place of をコーヒーも飲のみます。I drink coffee too.
Also, after another particle日本にほんにも行いきます。I go to Japan too.
Both: も after each nounアンナさんもジョンさんも学生がくせいです。Both Anna and John are students.
Neither: も twice with a negativeコーヒーもおちゃも飲のみません。I drink neither coffee nor tea.

の: of, belonging, description

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

  • In noun + の + noun, the first noun describes the second.
UseExampleEnglishLevel
Whose it isこれは私わたしの本ほんです。This is my book.
A relation between peopleアンナさんのともだちは先生せんせいです。Anna's friend is a teacher.
A kind or subject of a thingこれは日本語にほんごの本ほんです。This is a Japanese book.
The group a person belongs to私わたしはだいがくの学生がくせいです。I'm a university student.
の in place of the noun: mine, yoursこの本ほんは私わたしのです。This book is mine.
A chain of の: the last noun is the headこれは私わたしの先生せんせいの本ほんです。This is my teacher's book.

から and まで: from and until

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

UseExampleEnglishLevel
A span of time, from start to end9時じから5時じまではたらきます。I work from nine to five.
Where someone comes fromアンナさんはアメリカから来きました。Anna came from America.
A distance between two placesうちからえきまで10分ぷんです。It is ten minutes from home to the station.
One of the two alone: a start or an end9時じからです。 / 5時じまでです。From nine. / Until five.

Typical errors

Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.

WrongRightRuleLevel
アンナさんもは学生がくせいです。アンナさんも学生がくせいです。も takes the place of は; the two never stand together
ともだちに日本にほんへ行いきます。ともだちと日本にほんへ行いきます。going together takes と; with に the friend would be the goal
9時じから5時じにはたらきます。9時じから5時じまではたらきます。the end of a span takes まで; に marks one point in time
パンを食たべますと、コーヒーを飲のみます。パンを食たべて、コーヒーを飲のみます。と joins nouns only; two verbs join with the て‑form

Up next

Up next