Japanese verbs belong to group 1, group 2 or the irregular group 3 (する, 来る); the group decides how forms are built. The ます‑form becomes the dictionary form by group: 飲みます → 飲む、食べます → 食べる、します → する
Summary
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.
| Point | Rule | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Most verbs. The syllable before ます has an i-sound: み, き, し, り, い. | 飲みます / 書きます | to drink / to write | |
| Group 2 | The syllable before ます has an e-sound (べ, ね) or, for some verbs, an i-sound (み, き). | 食べます / 見ます | to eat / to see, to watch | |
| Group 3 | Two irregular verbs, する and 来る, and every noun with する. | します / 来ます | to do / to come | |
| Dictionary form | The dictionary form ends in a u-sound: う / く / ぐ / す / つ / ぬ / ぶ / む / る. | 飲む / 食べる / する | to drink / to eat / to do | |
| Group 1 | Group 1: the i-sound before ます becomes the matching u-sound; ます drops. | 飲みます → 飲む / 書きます → 書く | to drink / to write | |
| Group 2 | Group 2: ます becomes る. | 食べます → 食べる / 見ます → 見る | to eat / to see, to watch | |
| Group 3 | Group 3: します becomes する, 来ます becomes 来る. | します → する / 来ます → 来る | to do / to come | |
| Exceptions | A few verbs ending in える or いる belong to group 1: 帰る, 入る. | 帰る / 入る | to return, to go home / to enter | |
| Trap | A noun plus する makes a verb of group 3: 勉強する, りょうりする. | 日本語を勉強します。 / 毎日、りょうりします。 | I study Japanese. / I cook every day. |
Overview
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.
- Verbs fall into three groups; the group decides how a verb's forms are built.
| Group | Rule | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Most verbs. The syllable before ます has an i-sound: み, き, し, り, い. | 飲みます / 書きます / 話します | to drink / to write / to speak | |
| Group 2 | The syllable before ます has an e-sound (べ, ね) or, for some verbs, an i-sound (み, き). | 食べます / 見ます / 起きます | to eat / to see, to watch / to get up | |
| Group 3 | Two irregular verbs, する and 来る, and every noun with する. | します / 来ます / 勉強します | to do / to come / to study |
- The dictionary form ends in a u-sound: う / く / ぐ / す / つ / ぬ / ぶ / む / る. 飲む / 食べる / するto drink / to eat / to do
- The dictionary form is the form a dictionary lists; the て‑form and the plain forms are built on it. See The て-Form and The Plain Form.
Form: group 1
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A2.
- Group 1: the i-sound before ます becomes the matching u-sound; ます drops.
| Change | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| い → う | 買います → 買う / 会います → 会う | to buy / to meet | |
| き → く | 書きます → 書く / 聞きます → 聞く | to write / to listen, to ask | |
| ぎ → ぐ | およぎます → およぐ / いそぎます → いそぐ | to swim / to hurry | |
| し → す | 話します → 話す / かします → かす | to speak / to lend | |
| ち → つ | 待ちます → 待つ / 持ちます → 持つ | to wait / to hold, to carry | |
| に → ぬ | 死にます → 死ぬ | to die | |
| び → ぶ | あそびます → あそぶ / よびます → よぶ | to play / to call | |
| み → む | 飲みます → 飲む / 読みます → 読む | to drink / to read | |
| り → る | 帰ります → 帰る / 作ります → 作る | to return, to go home / to make |
Form: group 2
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A2.
- Group 2: ます becomes る.
| Change | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| ます → る | 食べます → 食べる / 見ます → 見る / 起きます → 起きる / ねます → ねる | to eat / to see, to watch / to get up / to sleep, to go to bed |
- A few verbs ending in える or いる belong to group 1: 帰る, 入る. 帰る / 入るto return, to go home / to enter
Form: group 3
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.
- Group 3: します becomes する, 来ます becomes 来る.
- A noun plus する makes a verb of group 3: 勉強する, りょうりする. 日本語を勉強します。 / 毎日、りょうりします。I study Japanese. / I cook every day.
| Change | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| します → する | します → する / 勉強します → 勉強する | to do / to study | |
| 来ます → 来る | 来ます → 来る | to come |
Telling the group from the dictionary form
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A2.
| Dictionary form ends in | Group | Example | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| う / く / ぐ / す / つ / ぬ / ぶ / む | Group 1 | 書く / 話す / 飲む | to write / to speak / to drink | |
| る after あ / う / お | Group 1 | ある / 分かる / 作る | to exist / to understand / to make | |
| る after い / え | Group 2 | 食べる / 見る / 起きる | to eat / to see, to watch / to get up | |
| Exceptions | Group 1 | 帰る / 入る | to return, to go home / to enter | |
| する, 来る | Group 3 | する / 勉強する / 来る | to do / to study / to come |
Typical errors
Nothing in this section is at or below. It starts at A1.
| Wrong | Right | Rule | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| 毎日、勉強ます。 | 毎日、勉強します。 | a noun becomes a verb with する, so its polite form is します | |
| パンを食べります。 | パンを食べます。 | a group 2 verb drops る before ます | |
| コーヒーを飲みる。 | コーヒーを飲む。 | a group 1 verb changes its i-sound to the matching u-sound: み becomes む | |
| うちへ帰ます。 | うちへ帰ります。 | 帰る and 入る end in える and いる but belong to group 1 | |
| 明日、ともだちが来る。 | 明日、ともだちが来る。 | the dictionary form is 来る and the ます‑form is 来ます |
Start over
HiraganaThe 46 basic hiragana, one sound each, set out in a table of five vowels and ten rows.Start over
HiraganaThe 46 basic hiragana, one sound each, set out in a table of five vowels and ten rows.Start over
HiraganaThe 46 basic hiragana, one sound each, set out in a table of five vowels and ten rows.