| Spoken markers | each marks a job: start, shift, return, check, correct, conclude | By the way, did you call Anna? |
| Hedges | soften a word or a claim: sort of, a bit, I'd say | I'd say it's a bit late. |
| Vague language | or so, and so on and or something leave the detail open | Let's have a coffee or something. |
| Turn-taking | set phrases hold the floor, interrupt, agree and show you listen | Sorry to interrupt, but the shop closes at five. |
| C1Stance | frankly, to be fair and in fact show how the speaker sees a point | To be fair, he did say sorry. |
| C1Academic hedging | tend to, may and suggest fit a claim to its evidence; boosters raise it | Prices tend to rise in summer. |
| C1Indirectness | soften a request or a disagreement: I was wondering if, with all due respect | I was wondering if you could help me. |
| C1Distancing | allegedly, reportedly and so-called credit a claim to others | The man allegedly took the car. |
| C2Understatement and irony | not bad and not exactly say less than they mean; the tune shows it | How was the film? — Not bad. |
| C2Formal markers | that said, to that end and by the same token link the steps of a formal argument | The cost is high. That said, the benefits are clear. |
| C2Metadiscourse | preview, review and reformulate in a long talk | I'd like to begin by thanking you all. |
| C1Trap | according to names a source; give your own view with in my opinion | In my opinion, the plan is weak. |