| Doubling | double the final consonant after one stressed vowel | begin → beginning / visit → visited |
| Silent e | drop it before a vowel, keep it before a consonant | hope → hoping / hope → hopeful |
| consonant + y | y becomes i, but stays before -ing | study → studied / study → studying |
| ie and ei | ie for /iː/, but ei after c | believe / receive |
| -able / -ible | -able after a whole word, -ible after a stem that is not one | comfortable / possible |
| Prefixes | both parts keep all their letters; in- becomes il-, im-, ir- | mis + spell → misspell / in + possible → impossible |
| Silent letters | some spellings keep a letter that is not pronounced | knee / lamb / night |
| British and US | British -our, -re, -ise; US -or, -er, -ize | colour (US: color) / centre (US: center) |
| Trap | -ful has one l, so -fully has two | She works carefully. |
| C1Sound /ʃn/ | -tion; -sion after l, n, r; -ssion after a short vowel | action / tension / mission |
| C1Same sound | the grammar of the sentence picks the spelling | The dog wagged its tail. / It's late. |
| C1Trap | two doubled pairs: cc and rr, cc and mm | occurrence / accommodate |