Cheatsheet: Foundations
Foundations
The Cyrillic Alphabet
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33 letters | 10 vowel letters: а, е, є, и, і, ї, о, у, ю, я | о́зеро / мо́ре | lake / sea |
| Я, ю, є, ї | two sounds at the start of a word: /ja/ · /ju/ · /jɛ/ · /ji/ | я́блуко / ї́жа | apple / food |
| Щ | one letter, two sounds: /ʃt͡ʃ/ | ща́стя | happiness |
| Ь | has no sound: it softens the consonant before it | сіль / день | salt / day |
| Г and ґ | г is /ɦ/, ґ is /ɡ/ | гора́ / ґу́дзик | mountain / button |
| И and і | и is /ɪ/, і is /i/: two different sounds | ри́ба / лі́то | fish / summer |
| Capital letter | names, cities, countries and the start of a sentence | Оле́на живе́ в Ки́єві. | Olena lives in Kyiv. |
| Small letter | languages and nationalities | Я украї́нець, я говорю́ украї́нською. | I'm Ukrainian, I speak Ukrainian. |
| Handwriting | handwritten т looks like Latin m; д has a loop below | — | |
| Trap | the Ukrainian alphabet has no ы, э, ъ or ё | ми / йо́гурт | we / yogurt |
Vowels and Consonants
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vowel sounds | six: /a/ · /ɔ/ · /u/ · /ɛ/ · /ɪ/ · /i/ | о́зеро / лі́то | lake / summer |
| И and і | и is /ɪ/, і is /i/ | ми / мі́сто | we / city |
| A1Unstressed е and и | sound alike; spell them as in the stressed form | сестра́ → се́стри | sister → sisters |
| A1Unstressed о | usually /ɔ/ | молоко́ | milk |
| A1Hard and soft | tell words apart | пала́ц ≠ па́лець | palace ≠ finger |
| A1Before і and е | a consonant is soft before і and hard before е | ліс / те́ма | forest / topic |
| A1Voiced and voiceless | tell words apart | ді́ло ≠ ті́ло | deed, matter ≠ body |
| A1Дж and дз | one consonant each: /d͡ʒ/, /d͡z/ | джи́нси / дзе́ркало | jeans / mirror |
| A1Trap | at the end of a syllable after a vowel, в sounds /u̯/ | Львів / за́втра | Lviv / tomorrow |
Soft Sign and Apostrophe
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ь | has no sound: it makes the consonant before it soft | сіль / день | salt / day |
| Apostrophe | я after an apostrophe sounds /ja/ | м’яч | ball |
| A1Ь at the end of a word | after soft д, т, з, с, ц, л, н | ти́ждень / па́лець | week / finger |
| A1Ь inside a word | before a consonant and before о | Львів / сього́дні | Lviv / today |
| A1Apostrophe after lip sounds | б, п, в, м, ф before я, ю, є, ї | сім’я́ / де́в’ять | family / nine |
| A1Apostrophe after р | р at the end of a syllable, before я, ю, є, ї | подві́р’я | courtyard |
| A1Trap | no ь after ж, ч, ш, щ | ніч / річ | night / thing |
| A1Trap | no ь after р at the end of a word | лі́кар / секрета́р | doctor / secretary |
| B1Apostrophe after a prefix | a prefix ending in a consonant, before я, ю, є, ї | з’ї́сти / під’ї́зд | eat up / entrance |
Stress
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| One stress | each word has one stressed syllable | ма́ма / вода́ | mum / water |
| Free stress | it can fall on any syllable | мо́ре / доро́га / молоко́ | sea / road / milk |
| Stress mark | learning texts and dictionaries mark it; ordinary texts do not | кни́жка | book |
| A1Mobile stress | it moves between the forms of one word | рука́ → ру́ку | hand → hand |
| A1Plural | in the plural, the stress often moves | сестра́ → се́стри | sister → sisters |
| A2Different words | stress tells apart words spelt the same | за́мок ≠ замо́к | castle ≠ lock |
| A2Different forms | stress tells apart forms of one word | мої́ ру́ки ≠ моє́ї руки́ | my hands ≠ of my hand |
| A2Two options | some words take either stress | по́милка = поми́лка | mistake = mistake |
| A1Trap | in the numbers 11–19, the stress falls on -на́- | одина́дцять / чотирна́дцять | eleven / fourteen |
Euphony: у/в, і/й, з/із/зі
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| В | after a vowel, before a vowel or a consonant | Вона́ була́ в Оде́сі. / Вона́ жила́ в Ки́єві. | She was in Odesa. / She lived in Kyiv. |
| A2В | before a vowel at the start of a sentence or after a consonant | В Оде́сі те́пло. / Брат в Оде́сі. | It's warm in Odesa. / My brother is in Odesa. |
| У | between consonants | Брат у шко́лі. | My brother is at school. |
| A2У | before a consonant at the start of a sentence, and before в, ф, льв, св, тв | Вона́ у Ві́нниці. | She's in Vinnytsia. |
| Й | between vowels, and after a vowel before a consonant | Полта́ва й Оде́са | Poltava and Odesa |
| І | between consonants, and at the start of a sentence | буди́нок і кімна́та | a building and a room |
| A2І | before й, я, ю, є, ї, even after a vowel | ма́ма і я | Mum and I |
| З | before a vowel; before a consonant, after a vowel | Вона́ з Алжи́ру. / Ми з Ки́єва. | She's from Algeria. / We're from Kyiv. |
| Зі | before a consonant cluster, most often one starting with з, с, ш, щ | зі шко́ли / зі мно́ю / зі Льво́ва | from school / with me / from Lviv |
| Із | between consonants, above all before a single з, с, ц, ч, ш | Він із Си́рії. | He's from Syria. |
Numbers
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–10 | words of their own | оди́н / чоти́ри / де́сять | one / four / ten |
| 11–19 | the number plus -на́дцять | двана́дцять / п’ятна́дцять | twelve / fifteen |
| Tens | -дцять in 20 and 30, -деся́т in 50–80; со́рок and дев’яно́сто stand apart | два́дцять / со́рок / п’ятдеся́т | twenty / forty / fifty |
| Compound numbers | separate words, largest first | два́дцять оди́н | twenty-one |
| Hundreds | сто, дві́сті, три́ста, чоти́риста, then -со́т | дві́сті / п’ятсо́т | two hundred / five hundred |
| Thousand and million | ти́сяча, мільйо́н | ти́сяча / мільйо́н | one thousand / one million |
| A1Thousands | дві ти́сячі, but п’ять ти́сяч | дві ти́сячі два́дцять шість | two thousand and twenty-six |
| A1One | оди́н, одна́, одне́ follow the gender of the noun | оди́н стіл / одна́ кни́жка / одне́ вікно́ | one table / one book / one window |
| Trap | 11–19, 20 and 30 are written with -дцять, with я | сімна́дцять | seventeen |
| Trap | no ь inside the hundreds and tens | п’ятсо́т / шістдеся́т | five hundred / sixty |
Days, Months and Dates
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Days of the week | seven days, with a small letter | понеді́лок / субо́та | Monday / Saturday |
| Which day? | Яки́й сього́дні день? is answered with the day | Сього́дні п’я́тниця. | It's Friday today. |
| Months | twelve months, with a small letter | сі́чень / тра́вень | January / May |
| Seasons | four seasons | весна́ / лі́то / о́сінь / зима́ | spring / summer / autumn / winter |
| A1When? Day | у / в with the accusative | До зу́стрічі в понеді́лок! | See you on Monday! |
| A1When? Month | у / в with the locative | Марі́я народи́лася в тра́вні. | Mariia was born in May. |
| A1When? Season | an adverb, with no preposition | навесні́ / влі́тку / восени́ / взи́мку | in spring / in summer / in autumn / in winter |
| A2Date | when? takes the ordinal and the month in the genitive | Я народи́вся деся́того бе́резня. | I was born on the tenth of March. |
| A2Year | у / в, the ordinal and ро́ці | Ми познайо́милися в дві ти́сячі чотирна́дцятому ро́ці. | We met in 2014. |
| A2Next and last | the genitive, with no preposition | Насту́пної середи́ бу́де екску́рсія. | There's a tour next Wednesday. |
| A1Trap | середа́, but у се́реду | Ми ба́чимося в се́реду. | We're meeting on Wednesday. |
Telling the Time
| Point | Rule | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| What time is it? | the answer is a feminine ordinal number | Котра́ годи́на? — Дру́га | What time is it? — Two o'clock. |
| Hours | годи́на (hour) can be left out | Зара́з сьо́ма (годи́на). | It's seven o'clock now. |
| A1Minutes | the hour, then the minutes, as on a clock | Зара́з деся́та два́дцять. | It's ten twenty now. |
| A1Timetables | hours from 13 to 24 | Зара́з чотирна́дцята три́дцять. | It's fourteen thirty now. |
| A1Parts of the day | ра́нку / дня / ве́чора / но́чі after the hour | Зара́з сьо́ма ве́чора. | It's seven in the evening. |
| A1Politely | asking someone you do not know | Скажі́ть, будь ла́ска, котра́ годи́на? | Excuse me, what time is it? |
| A2From … to … | з and до with the genitive | Магази́н працю́є з дев’я́тої до шо́стої. | The shop is open from nine to six. |
| B1At what time? | о with the locative | Заня́ття почина́ються о дев’я́тій. | Classes start at nine. |
| B1Об | об before a vowel | Зу́стріч об одина́дцятій. | The meeting is at eleven. |
| Trap | to ask the time, say котра́ годи́на | Котра́ за́раз годи́на? | What time is it now? |