Guía rápida: Verbos

Verbos

El verbo to be

Tiempo	Pregunta				Afirmación				Negación
Tiempo	Verbo	Sujeto	Resto		Sujeto	Verbo	Resto		Sujeto	Verbo	Resto
A2Futuro	Will	I	be late?		I	will be	late.		I	won't be	late.
		you			You				You
		he			He				He
		she			She				She
		it			It				It
		we			We				We
		they			They				They

Presente	Am	I	late?		I	am	late.		I	am not	late.
	Are	you			You	are			You	aren't
	Is	he			He	is			He	isn't
		she			She				She
		it			It				It
	Are	we			We	are			We	aren't
	Are	they			They	are			They	aren't

A1Pasado	Was	I	late?		I	was	late.		I	wasn't	late.
	Were	you			You	were			You	weren't
	Was	he			He	was			He	wasn't
		she			She				She
		it			It				It
	Were	we			We	were			We	weren't
	Were	they			They	were			They	weren't

Have y have got

Forma	have	have got
Afirmación: I / you / we / they	I have a car.	I've got a car.
Afirmación: he / she / it	She has a car.	She's got a car.
Negación: I / you / we / they	I don't have a car.	I haven't got a car.
Negación: he / she / it	He doesn't have a car.	He hasn't got a car.
Pregunta: I / you / we / they	Do you have a car?	Have you got a car?
Pregunta: he / she / it	Does she have a car?	Has she got a car?
Respuesta corta	Yes, I do. / No, I don't.	Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Acciones: solo have	I have breakfast at 8.	—
Estilo	neutro, también por escrito	informal, sobre todo en el habla

There is y there are

Forma	Singular	Plural	Incontables
Afirmación	There is a park.	There are two parks.	There is some milk.
Forma contraída	There's a park.	—	There's some milk.
Negación	There isn't a park.	There aren't any parks.	There isn't any milk.
Pregunta	Is there a park?	Are there any parks?	Is there any milk?
How many, how much	—	How many parks are there?	How much milk is there?
Respuesta corta	Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.	Yes, there are. / No, there aren't.	Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.

El imperativo

Aspecto	Regla	Ejemplo	Español
Afirmación	la forma base para todas las personas, sin sujeto y sin -s	Open the door.	Abre la puerta.
Negación	Don't + V, también delante de be	Don't be late.	No llegues tarde.
Sugerencia	Let's + V: incluye al hablante, invita a otros a unirse	Let's go to the beach.	Vamos a la playa.
Sugerencia negativa	Let's not + V	Let's not wait.	No esperemos.
Uso	instrucciones, indicaciones, órdenes	Turn left and go straight on.	Gira a la izquierda y sigue recto.
Uso	invitaciones, ofrecimientos, advertencias	Come in. / Look out!	Pasa. / ¡Cuidado!
Cortesía	please al principio o al final hace amable la petición	Please sit down.	Siéntate, por favor.
Trampa	después de Don't y Let's: la forma base, sin to	Don't open it. / Let's go.	No lo abras. / Vamos.

Tabla de verbos irregulares

Patrón	Forma base	Pasado simple	Participio pasado
Las tres formas son iguales	put	put	put
-ought / -aught	buy	bought	bought
El pasado y el participio terminan en -d	make	made	made
B1La -d final pasa a -t	build	built	built
A2La vocal larga se acorta y se añade -t	keep	kept	kept
/iː/ se acorta a /e/	meet	met	met
La vocal cambia, pasado = participio	sit	sat	sat
Participio = forma base	come	came	come
i → a → u	drink	drank	drunk
Participio en -en	take	took	taken
participio en -n / -ne	go	went	gone
Uso	—	acciones terminadas: I went to Madrid.	después de have: I have gone there.

Phrasal verbs: los básicos

Aspecto	Regla	Ejemplo	Español
Phrasal verb	verbo + partícula; la partícula da al verbo un nuevo significado	I'm looking for my keys.	Estoy buscando mis llaves.
Separables	el sustantivo va antes o después de la partícula	Turn off the light. / Turn the light off.	Apaga la luz.
Inseparables	el objeto siempre va después de la partícula	Look after the baby.	Cuida al bebé.
Rutina diaria	wake up, get up, put on, take off, turn on	She puts on her coat.	Ella se pone el abrigo.
Ir y venir	go out, come in, come back, pick up	I pick up the children at three.	Recojo a los niños a las tres.
Buscar y averiguar	look for, look after, look up, find out, fill in	Look up the word.	Busca la palabra.
B1Continuar y parar	carry on, run out of, get on with, look forward to	We ran out of milk.	Se nos acabó la leche.
Trampa	el verbo separable lleva el pronombre en medio	Turn it off.	Apágalo.
B1Trampa	look forward to lleva un sustantivo o la forma en -ing	I look forward to seeing you.	Tengo muchas ganas de verte.

Gerundio o infinitivo

Forma	Regla	Ejemplo	Español
verbo + -ing	después de enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest	I enjoy cooking.	Disfruto cocinando.
verbo + to + V	después de want, decide, hope, plan, need	They decided to move.	Decidieron mudarse.
want / need / would like + alguien + to + V	una persona puede ir antes de to	I want you to come.	Quiero que vengas.
preposición + -ing	después de una preposición: interested in, before, without	Wash your hands before eating.	Lávate las manos antes de comer.
-ing como sujeto	la forma en -ing funciona como sustantivo	Swimming is good for you.	Nadar es bueno para ti.
look forward to + -ing	to aquí es una preposición	I look forward to seeing you.	Tengo muchas ganas de verte.
stop + -ing / to + V	-ing significa que lo dejó; to significa que se detuvo para fumar	He stopped smoking. / He stopped to smoke.	Dejó de fumar. / Se detuvo para fumar.
remember + -ing / to + V	-ing significa recordar la acción; to significa no olvidar	I remember locking it. / Remember to lock it.	Recuerdo haberlo cerrado con llave. / Acuérdate de cerrarlo con llave.
try + -ing / to + V	-ing significa probar algo; to significa hacer un esfuerzo	Try adding salt. / I tried to open it.	Prueba a añadir sal. / Intenté abrirlo.
Ambas formas	like, love, hate, prefer: casi el mismo significado	I like swimming. / I like to swim.	Me gusta nadar. / Me gusta nadar.