Spickzettel: Verben
Verben
Das Verb to be
| Zeitform | Frage | Aussage | Verneinung | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | Subjekt | Rest | Subjekt | Verb | Rest | Subjekt | Verb | Rest | |||
| A2Zukunft | Will | I | be late? | I | will be | late. | I | won't be | late. | ||
| you | You | You | |||||||||
| he | He | He | |||||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| we | We | We | |||||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| Gegenwart | Am | I | late? | I | am | late. | I | am not | late. | ||
| Are | you | You | are | You | aren't | ||||||
| Is | he | He | is | He | isn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Are | we | We | are | We | aren't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| A1Vergangenheit | Was | I | late? | I | was | late. | I | wasn't | late. | ||
| Were | you | You | were | You | weren't | ||||||
| Was | he | He | was | He | wasn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Were | we | We | were | We | weren't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
Have und have got
| Form | have | have got |
|---|---|---|
| Bejahung: I / you / we / they | I have a car. | I've got a car. |
| Bejahung: he / she / it | She has a car. | She's got a car. |
| Verneinung: I / you / we / they | I don't have a car. | I haven't got a car. |
| Verneinung: he / she / it | He doesn't have a car. | He hasn't got a car. |
| Frage: I / you / we / they | Do you have a car? | Have you got a car? |
| Frage: he / she / it | Does she have a car? | Has she got a car? |
| Kurzantwort | Yes, I do. / No, I don't. | Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. |
| Handlungen: nur have | I have breakfast at 8. | — |
| Stil | neutral, auch schriftlich | umgangssprachlich, meist gesprochen |
There is und there are
| Form | Singular | Plural | Unzählbar |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bejahung | There is a park. | There are two parks. | There is some milk. |
| Kurzform | There's a park. | — | There's some milk. |
| Verneinung | There isn't a park. | There aren't any parks. | There isn't any milk. |
| Frage | Is there a park? | Are there any parks? | Is there any milk? |
| How many, how much | — | How many parks are there? | How much milk is there? |
| Kurzantwort | Yes, there is. / No, there isn't. | Yes, there are. / No, there aren't. | Yes, there is. / No, there isn't. |
Imperativ
| Aspekt | Regel | Beispiel | Deutsch |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bejahung | die Grundform für alle Personen, ohne Subjekt und ohne -s | Open the door. | Öffne die Tür. |
| Verneinung | Don't + V, auch vor be | Don't be late. | Komm nicht zu spät. |
| Vorschlag | Let's + V: schließt die sprechende Person ein, lädt andere zum Mitmachen ein | Let's go to the beach. | Lass uns an den Strand gehen. |
| Verneinter Vorschlag | Let's not + V | Let's not wait. | Lass uns nicht warten. |
| Gebrauch | Anweisungen, Wegbeschreibungen, Befehle | Turn left and go straight on. | Biege links ab und gehe geradeaus weiter. |
| Gebrauch | Einladungen, Angebote, Warnungen | Come in. / Look out! | Komm herein. / Pass auf! |
| Höflichkeit | please am Anfang oder am Ende macht eine Bitte freundlich | Please sit down. | Bitte setz dich. |
| Falle | nach Don't und Let's: die Grundform, kein to | Don't open it. / Let's go. | Mach es nicht auf. / Gehen wir. |
Tabelle der unregelmäßigen Verben
| Muster | Grundform | Simple Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alle drei Formen sind gleich | put | put | put |
| -ought / -aught | buy | bought | bought |
| Simple Past und Past Participle enden auf -d | make | made | made |
| B1Das End-d wird zu -t | build | built | built |
| A2Langer Vokal wird kurz, -t kommt hinzu | keep | kept | kept |
| /iː/ wird kurz zu /e/ | meet | met | met |
| Der Vokal ändert sich, Simple Past = Past Participle | sit | sat | sat |
| Past Participle = Grundform | come | came | come |
| i → a → u | drink | drank | drunk |
| Past Participle auf -en | take | took | taken |
| Past Participle auf -n / -ne | go | went | gone |
| Gebrauch | — | abgeschlossene Handlungen: I went to Madrid. | nach have: I have gone there. |
Phrasal Verbs: Grundwortschatz
| Aspekt | Regel | Beispiel | Deutsch |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phrasal Verb | Verb + Partikel; die Partikel gibt dem Verb eine neue Bedeutung | I'm looking for my keys. | Ich suche meine Schlüssel. |
| Trennbar | ein Nomen steht vor oder nach der Partikel | Turn off the light. / Turn the light off. | Schalte das Licht aus. |
| Untrennbar | das Objekt steht immer nach der Partikel | Look after the baby. | Kümmere dich um das Baby. |
| Tagesablauf | wake up, get up, put on, take off, turn on | She puts on her coat. | Sie zieht ihren Mantel an. |
| Gehen und Kommen | go out, come in, come back, pick up | I pick up the children at three. | Ich hole die Kinder um drei Uhr ab. |
| Suchen und Herausfinden | look for, look after, look up, find out, fill in | Look up the word. | Schlage das Wort nach. |
| B1Weitermachen und Aufhören | carry on, run out of, get on with, look forward to | We ran out of milk. | Uns ging die Milch aus. |
| Falle | bei einem trennbaren Verb steht das Pronomen in der Mitte | Turn it off. | Schalte es aus. |
| B1Falle | look forward to steht mit einem Nomen oder der -ing-Form | I look forward to seeing you. | Ich freue mich darauf, dich zu sehen. |
Gerund oder Infinitiv
| Form | Regel | Beispiel | Deutsch |
|---|---|---|---|
| Verb + -ing | nach enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest | I enjoy cooking. | Ich koche gern. |
| Verb + to + V | nach want, decide, hope, plan, need | They decided to move. | Sie beschlossen umzuziehen. |
| want / need / would like + jemand + to + V | vor to kann eine Person stehen | I want you to come. | Ich möchte, dass du kommst. |
| Präposition + -ing | nach einer Präposition: interested in, before, without | Wash your hands before eating. | Wasch dir vor dem Essen die Hände. |
| -ing als Subjekt | die -ing-Form funktioniert wie ein Nomen | Swimming is good for you. | Schwimmen ist gesund. |
| look forward to + -ing | to ist hier eine Präposition | I look forward to seeing you. | Ich freue mich darauf, dich zu sehen. |
| stop + -ing / to + V | -ing bedeutet, dass er aufgehört hat; to bedeutet, dass er innehielt, um zu rauchen | He stopped smoking. / He stopped to smoke. | Er hörte mit dem Rauchen auf. / Er hielt an, um zu rauchen. |
| remember + -ing / to + V | -ing bedeutet, sich an die Handlung zu erinnern; to bedeutet, nicht zu vergessen | I remember locking it. / Remember to lock it. | Ich weiß noch, dass ich es abgeschlossen habe. / Denk daran, es abzuschließen. |
| try + -ing / to + V | -ing bedeutet, es auszuprobieren; to bedeutet, sich anzustrengen | Try adding salt. / I tried to open it. | Probier mal, Salz hinzuzugeben. / Ich habe versucht, es zu öffnen. |
| Beide Formen | like, love, hate, prefer: fast gleiche Bedeutung | I like swimming. / I like to swim. | Ich schwimme gern. / Ich schwimme gern. |