Ringkasan: Kata kerja

Kata kerja

Kata kerja to be

Tense	Pertanyaan			Pernyataan			Negatif
Tense	Kata kerja	Subjek	Sisa	Subjek	Kata kerja	Sisa	Subjek	Kata kerja	Sisa
A2Future	Will	I	be late?	I	will be	late.	I	won't be	late.
		you		You			You
		he		He			He
		she		She			She
		it		It			It
		we		We			We
		they		They			They

Present	Am	I	late?	I	am	late.	I	am not	late.
	Are	you		You	are		You	aren't
	Is	he		He	is		He	isn't
		she		She			She
		it		It			It
	Are	we		We	are		We	aren't
	Are	they		They	are		They	aren't

A1Past	Was	I	late?	I	was	late.	I	wasn't	late.
	Were	you		You	were		You	weren't
	Was	he		He	was		He	wasn't
		she		She			She
		it		It			It
	Were	we		We	were		We	weren't
	Were	they		They	were		They	weren't

Have dan have got

Bentuk	have	have got
Positif: I / you / we / they	I have a car.	I've got a car.
Positif: he / she / it	She has a car.	She's got a car.
Negatif: I / you / we / they	I don't have a car.	I haven't got a car.
Negatif: he / she / it	He doesn't have a car.	He hasn't got a car.
Pertanyaan: I / you / we / they	Do you have a car?	Have you got a car?
Pertanyaan: he / she / it	Does she have a car?	Has she got a car?
Jawaban singkat	Yes, I do. / No, I don't.	Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Tindakan: hanya have	I have breakfast at 8.	—
Gaya	netral, juga dalam tulisan	informal, terutama dalam percakapan

There is dan there are

Bentuk	Tunggal	Jamak	Tak terhitung
Positif	There is a park.	There are two parks.	There is some milk.
Bentuk singkat	There's a park.	—	There's some milk.
Negatif	There isn't a park.	There aren't any parks.	There isn't any milk.
Pertanyaan	Is there a park?	Are there any parks?	Is there any milk?
How many, how much	—	How many parks are there?	How much milk is there?
Jawaban singkat	Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.	Yes, there are. / No, there aren't.	Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.

Kalimat perintah

Poin	Aturan	Contoh	Bahasa Indonesia
Positif	kata kerja dasar untuk semua orang, tanpa subjek dan tanpa -s	Open the door.	Buka pintunya.
Negatif	Don't + V, juga sebelum be	Don't be late.	Jangan terlambat.
Ajakan	Let's + V: melibatkan pembicara, mengajak orang lain bergabung	Let's go to the beach.	Ayo kita pergi ke pantai.
Ajakan negatif	Let's not + V	Let's not wait.	Jangan menunggu.
Penggunaan	instruksi, petunjuk arah, perintah	Turn left and go straight on.	Belok kiri dan jalan terus.
Penggunaan	ajakan, tawaran, peringatan	Come in. / Look out!	Silakan masuk. / Awas!
Kesopanan	please di awal atau di akhir membuat permintaan terdengar ramah	Please sit down.	Silakan duduk.
Jebakan	setelah Don't dan Let's: kata kerja dasar, tanpa to	Don't open it. / Let's go.	Jangan dibuka. / Ayo pergi.

Tabel kata kerja tidak beraturan

Pola	Bentuk dasar	Simple Past	Past Participle
Ketiga bentuk sama	put	put	put
-ought / -aught	buy	bought	bought
Past dan participle berakhiran -d	make	made	made
B1-d akhir menjadi -t	build	built	built
A2Vokal panjang memendek, ditambah -t	keep	kept	kept
/iː/ memendek menjadi /e/	meet	met	met
Vokal berubah, past = participle	sit	sat	sat
Participle = bentuk dasar	come	came	come
i → a → u	drink	drank	drunk
Participle berakhiran -en	take	took	taken
participle berakhiran -n / -ne	go	went	gone
Penggunaan	—	tindakan yang sudah selesai: I went to Madrid.	setelah have: I have gone there.

Phrasal verb: dasar

Poin	Aturan	Contoh	Bahasa Indonesia
Phrasal verb	kata kerja + partikel; partikel memberi arti baru pada kata kerja	I'm looking for my keys.	Saya sedang mencari kunci saya.
Dapat dipisah	kata benda dapat berada sebelum atau sesudah partikel	Turn off the light. / Turn the light off.	Matikan lampunya.
Tidak dapat dipisah	objek selalu berada setelah partikel	Look after the baby.	Jaga bayi itu.
Rutinitas harian	wake up, get up, put on, take off, turn on	She puts on her coat.	Dia memakai mantelnya.
Pergi dan datang	go out, come in, come back, pick up	I pick up the children at three.	Saya menjemput anak-anak pukul tiga.
Mencari dan mengetahui	look for, look after, look up, find out, fill in	Look up the word.	Cari kata itu di kamus.
B1Melanjutkan dan berhenti	carry on, run out of, get on with, look forward to	We ran out of milk.	Susu kami habis.
Jebakan	phrasal verb yang dapat dipisah memakai kata ganti di tengah	Turn it off.	Matikan itu.
B1Jebakan	look forward to diikuti kata benda atau bentuk -ing	I look forward to seeing you.	Saya menantikan pertemuan denganmu.

Gerund atau infinitif

Bentuk	Aturan	Contoh	Bahasa Indonesia
kata kerja + -ing	setelah enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest	I enjoy cooking.	Saya suka memasak.
kata kerja + to + V	setelah want, decide, hope, plan, need	They decided to move.	Mereka memutuskan untuk pindah.
want / need / would like + seseorang + to + V	seseorang dapat berada sebelum to	I want you to come.	Saya ingin kamu datang.
kata depan + -ing	setelah kata depan: interested in, before, without	Wash your hands before eating.	Cuci tangan sebelum makan.
-ing sebagai subjek	bentuk -ing berfungsi sebagai kata benda	Swimming is good for you.	Berenang baik untuk kesehatanmu.
look forward to + -ing	to di sini adalah kata depan	I look forward to seeing you.	Saya tidak sabar bertemu denganmu.
stop + -ing / to + V	-ing berarti dia berhenti merokok; to berarti dia berhenti sejenak agar bisa merokok	He stopped smoking. / He stopped to smoke.	Dia berhenti merokok. / Dia berhenti sejenak untuk merokok.
remember + -ing / to + V	-ing mengingat tindakannya; to berarti jangan lupa	I remember locking it. / Remember to lock it.	Saya ingat telah menguncinya. / Ingatlah untuk menguncinya.
try + -ing / to + V	-ing berarti mencobanya; to berarti berusaha	Try adding salt. / I tried to open it.	Coba tambahkan garam. / Saya berusaha membukanya.
Kedua bentuk	like, love, hate, prefer: arti hampir sama	I like swimming. / I like to swim.	Saya suka berenang. / Saya suka berenang.