Ringkasan A2
Kata benda dan determiner
Artikel: a, an, the
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bentuk | a sebelum bunyi konsonan, an sebelum bunyi vokal | a book / an apple | sebuah buku / sebuah apel |
| a / an | satu benda, pekerjaan, atau penyebutan pertama | She's a doctor. | Dia seorang dokter. |
| the | benda yang diketahui kedua pihak, atau yang sudah disebut | There's a cat. The cat is black. | Ada seekor kucing. Kucing itu hitam. |
| the | satu-satunya; superlatif dan ordinal | the sun / the best / the first time | matahari / yang terbaik / kali pertama |
| A2the | sungai, laut, samudra, pegunungan | the Thames / the Atlantic / the Alps | Sungai Thames / Samudra Atlantik / Pegunungan Alpen |
| A2the | negara dengan nama jamak, Kingdom atau States | the UK / the USA / the Netherlands | Inggris Raya / Amerika Serikat / Belanda |
| Tanpa artikel | kata benda jamak dan tak terhitung secara umum; waktu makan; nama | I like dogs. / We have lunch at two. | Saya suka anjing. / Kami makan siang pukul dua. |
| A2Tanpa artikel | home, work, school, bed; kendaraan setelah by | go home / at work / by bus | pulang / di tempat kerja / dengan bus |
| Jebakan | bunyi pertama yang menentukan, bukan hurufnya | a university / an hour | sebuah universitas / satu jam |
| Jebakan | sebagian besar negara tidak memakai artikel | I live in Spain. | Saya tinggal di Spanyol. |
Kata benda terhitung dan tak terhitung
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Terhitung | a / an untuk tunggal, -s untuk jamak | a book / two books | sebuah buku / dua buku |
| Tak terhitung | zat, bahan, gagasan: tanpa a / an, tanpa jamak | I like music. | Saya suka musik. |
| Kata kerja | kata kerja tunggal, juga untuk news | The water is cold. / The news is good. | Airnya dingin. / Beritanya bagus. |
| Satuan | dihitung dengan satuan; satuannya memakai bentuk jamak | a glass of water / a piece of advice / two cups of coffee | segelas air / satu nasihat / dua cangkir kopi |
| A2Kelompok benda | kelompok benda juga tak terhitung | furniture / luggage / homework | perabot / barang bawaan / pekerjaan rumah |
| A2Keduanya | beberapa kata benda termasuk keduanya; artinya berubah | I like coffee. ≠ Two coffees, please. | Saya suka kopi. / Dua kopi, tolong. |
| Jebakan | advice dan information: some, atau a piece of | a piece of advice / some advice | satu nasihat / sedikit nasihat |
| Jebakan | work tak terhitung; a job terhitung | She has a good job. | Dia punya pekerjaan yang bagus. |
Quantifier: some, any, much, many
| Penggunaan | Kata benda terhitung jamak | Kata benda tak terhitung |
|---|---|---|
| Positif | some apples / a lot of apples | some milk / a lot of milk |
| Negatif | not any apples / not many apples | not any milk / not much milk |
| Pertanyaan | any apples? / many apples? | any milk? / much milk? |
| How…? | How many apples? | How much milk? |
| A2Tawaran, permintaan | Would you like some apples? | Can I have some milk? |
| A2Jumlah yang sedikit | a few apples | a little milk |
| A2Tidak ada: no + kata benda | no apples | no milk |
Kata ganti
Kata ganti tak tentu
| Poin | Kata | Aturan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| some- | somebody / someone / something / somewhere | kalimat positif, tawaran, dan permintaan | I saw somebody in the garden. |
| any- | anybody / anyone / anything / anywhere | setelah not dan dalam pertanyaan | I didn't see anybody. / Did anyone call? |
| no- | nobody / no one / nothing / nowhere | kata kerja tetap positif: hanya satu kata negatif | I saw nothing. |
| every- | everybody / everyone / everything / everywhere | berarti semua | Everything is ready. |
| Kata kerja | everybody | kata ganti tak tentu diikuti kata kerja bentuk tunggal | Everybody is here. |
| Jebakan | nobody | subjek negatif → nobody | Nobody came. |
Kata ganti refleksif
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| myself / yourself / himself / herself / itself | bentuk tunggal berakhiran -self | She talks to herself. | Dia berbicara pada dirinya sendiri. |
| ourselves / yourselves / themselves | bentuk jamak berakhiran -selves; yourselves = beberapa orang | They looked at themselves in the mirror. | Mereka melihat diri mereka sendiri di cermin. |
| Orang yang sama | objek adalah orang yang sama dengan subjek | I burnt myself in the kitchen. | Saya kena luka bakar di dapur. |
| Penekanan | orang itu sendiri dan bukan orang lain | I made the cake myself. | Saya membuat kue itu sendiri. |
| by + kata ganti refleksif | sendirian, tanpa bantuan | He lives by himself. | Dia tinggal sendiri. |
| Kata kerja rutinitas | kata kerja sehari-hari berdiri sendiri: get dressed, relax, sit down | I get dressed quickly. | Saya berpakaian dengan cepat. |
| each other | setiap orang → orang yang lain | They looked at each other. | Mereka saling memandang. |
| Jebakan | him + self / them + selves | He hurt himself. / They enjoyed themselves. | Dia melukai dirinya sendiri. / Mereka bersenang-senang. |
Kata kerja
Kata kerja to be
| Tense | Pertanyaan | Pernyataan | Negatif | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kata kerja | Subjek | Sisa | Subjek | Kata kerja | Sisa | Subjek | Kata kerja | Sisa | |||
| A2Future | Will | I | be late? | I | will be | late. | I | won't be | late. | ||
| you | You | You | |||||||||
| he | He | He | |||||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| we | We | We | |||||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| Present | Am | I | late? | I | am | late. | I | am not | late. | ||
| Are | you | You | are | You | aren't | ||||||
| Is | he | He | is | He | isn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Are | we | We | are | We | aren't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| A1Past | Was | I | late? | I | was | late. | I | wasn't | late. | ||
| Were | you | You | were | You | weren't | ||||||
| Was | he | He | was | He | wasn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Were | we | We | were | We | weren't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
Tabel kata kerja tidak beraturan
| Pola | Bentuk dasar | Simple Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ketiga bentuk sama | put | put | put |
| -ought / -aught | buy | bought | bought |
| Past dan participle berakhiran -d | make | made | made |
| A2Vokal panjang memendek, ditambah -t | keep | kept | kept |
| /iː/ memendek menjadi /e/ | meet | met | met |
| Vokal berubah, past = participle | sit | sat | sat |
| Participle = bentuk dasar | come | came | come |
| i → a → u | drink | drank | drunk |
| Participle berakhiran -en | take | took | taken |
| participle berakhiran -n / -ne | go | went | gone |
| Penggunaan | — | tindakan yang sudah selesai: I went to Madrid. | setelah have: I have gone there. |
Phrasal verb: dasar
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phrasal verb | kata kerja + partikel; partikel memberi arti baru pada kata kerja | I'm looking for my keys. | Saya sedang mencari kunci saya. |
| Dapat dipisah | kata benda dapat berada sebelum atau sesudah partikel | Turn off the light. / Turn the light off. | Matikan lampunya. |
| Tidak dapat dipisah | objek selalu berada setelah partikel | Look after the baby. | Jaga bayi itu. |
| Rutinitas harian | wake up, get up, put on, take off, turn on | She puts on her coat. | Dia memakai mantelnya. |
| Pergi dan datang | go out, come in, come back, pick up | I pick up the children at three. | Saya menjemput anak-anak pukul tiga. |
| Mencari dan mengetahui | look for, look after, look up, find out, fill in | Look up the word. | Cari kata itu di kamus. |
| Jebakan | phrasal verb yang dapat dipisah memakai kata ganti di tengah | Turn it off. | Matikan itu. |
Tenses
Peta tenses
| Tense | Bentuk | Arti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | V / V-s | kebiasaan, fakta, keadaan permanen | I always walk to work. |
| Present Continuous | am / is / are + V-ing | sekarang, situasi sementara | I'm working now. |
| A2Present Perfect | have / has + V-ed | peristiwa lampau yang penting sekarang | I've never been to Rome. |
| Simple Past | V-ed / irregular | peristiwa yang sudah selesai | I worked yesterday. |
| A2Past Continuous | was / were + V-ing | sedang berlangsung pada suatu saat di masa lalu | I was working at eight. |
| A2Used to | used to + V | kebiasaan dan keadaan di masa lalu yang kini sudah berakhir | I used to swim when I was a child. |
| Going to | am / is / are going to + V | rencana, prediksi berdasarkan bukti | We're going to cook tonight. |
| Present Continuous untuk masa depan | am / is / are + V-ing | rencana yang sudah disepakati | I'm leaving tomorrow. |
| A2Will | will + V | keputusan, tawaran, janji, pendapat | I think it'll rain. |
| A2Simple Present untuk masa depan | V / V-s | jadwal | The train leaves at six. |
Simple Tenses
| Tense | Pertanyaan | Pernyataan | Negatif | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aux. | Subjek | Kata kerja | Subjek | Aux. | Kata kerja | Subjek | Aux. | Kata kerja | |||
| A2Future | Will | I | work? | I | will | work. | I | won't | work. | ||
| you | You | You | |||||||||
| he | He | He | |||||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| we | We | We | |||||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| Present | Do | I | work? | I | work. | I | don't | work. | |||
| you | You | You | |||||||||
| Does | he | He | works. | He | doesn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Do | we | We | work. | We | don't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| Past | Did | I | work? | I | worked. | I | didn't | work. | |||
| you | You | You | |||||||||
| he | He | He | |||||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| we | We | We | |||||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
Continuous Tenses
| Tense | Pertanyaan | Pernyataan | Negatif | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aux. | Subjek | Kata kerja | Subjek | Aux. | Kata kerja | Subjek | Aux. | Kata kerja | |||
| Present | Am | I | working? | I | am | working. | I | am not | working. | ||
| Are | you | You | are | You | aren't | ||||||
| Is | he | He | is | He | isn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Are | we | We | are | We | aren't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
| A2Past | Was | I | working? | I | was | working. | I | wasn't | working. | ||
| Were | you | You | were | You | weren't | ||||||
| Was | he | He | was | He | wasn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Were | we | We | were | We | weren't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
Perfect Tenses
| Tense | Pertanyaan | Pernyataan | Negatif | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aux. | Subjek | Kata kerja | Subjek | Aux. | Kata kerja | Subjek | Aux. | Kata kerja | |||
| Present Perfect | Have | I | worked? | I | have | worked. | I | haven't | worked. | ||
| you | You | You | |||||||||
| Has | he | He | has | He | hasn't | ||||||
| she | She | She | |||||||||
| it | It | It | |||||||||
| Have | we | We | have | We | haven't | ||||||
| they | They | They | |||||||||
Bentuk future
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| am / is / are going to + V | rencana dan niat; prediksi berdasarkan bukti | We're going to visit Granada. / Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. | Kami akan mengunjungi Granada. / Lihat awan-awan itu. Sebentar lagi akan hujan. |
| am / is / are + V-ing | present continuous: kesepakatan yang sudah pasti, dengan keterangan waktu masa depan | I'm seeing the dentist on Friday. | Saya ke dokter gigi hari Jumat. |
| A2will / 'll / won't + V | keputusan saat ini, tawaran, janji, pendapat (I think) | It's cold. I'll close the window. / I think she'll win. | Dingin. Saya akan menutup jendela. / Saya rasa dia akan menang. |
| A2V / V-s | simple present: jadwal | The train leaves at 6:15. | Kereta berangkat pukul 6.15. |
| Jebakan | rencana memakai going to | I'm going to buy a car tomorrow. | Besok saya akan membeli mobil. |
| A2Jebakan | will membentuk pertanyaan tanpa kata kerja bantu lain | Will you come? | Apakah kamu akan datang? |
Used to
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positif | used to + V: sama untuk semua subjek | She used to live in Rome. | Dulu dia tinggal di Roma. |
| Negatif | didn't use to + V | We didn't use to have a car. | Dulu kami tidak punya mobil. |
| Pertanyaan | Did + subjek + use to + V | Did you use to walk to school? — Yes, I did. | Apakah dulu kamu berjalan kaki ke sekolah? — Ya, dulu begitu. |
| Penggunaan | kebiasaan dan keadaan di masa lalu yang kini sudah berakhir | I used to walk to school. / We used to have a dog. | Dulu saya berjalan kaki ke sekolah. / Dulu kami punya anjing. |
| Simple Past | peristiwa tunggal, atau waktu atau jumlah yang disebutkan | I lived in Paris for two years. | Saya tinggal di Paris selama dua tahun. |
| Posisi | always, often, dan never diletakkan sebelum used to | He always used to be late. | Dulu dia selalu terlambat. |
| Bunyi | huruf d tidak dibaca: used to terdengar seperti use-ta | I used to swim. | Dulu saya berenang. |
| Jebakan | bentuk positif mempertahankan huruf d: used to | I used to play football. | Dulu saya bermain sepak bola. |
| Jebakan | setelah did dan didn't huruf d hilang: use to | I didn't use to like it. | Dulu saya tidak menyukainya. |
Kata kerja modal
Can dan could
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bentuk | subjek + can + kata kerja dasar; satu bentuk untuk semua subjek | She can swim. | Dia bisa berenang. |
| Negatif | can't; bentuk lengkapnya cannot, satu kata | I can't swim. | Saya tidak bisa berenang. |
| Pertanyaan | Can + subjek + kata kerja dasar; tanpa do | Can you swim? | Apakah kamu bisa berenang? |
| Kemampuan | can untuk keterampilan | I can cook pasta. | Saya bisa memasak pasta. |
| Izin | can mengizinkan, can't melarang; meminta izin dengan Can I…? | You can park here. / Can I open the window? | Kamu boleh parkir di sini. / Bolehkah saya membuka jendela? |
| Permintaan | Can you…? meminta bantuan | Can you help me, please? | Bisa tolong bantu saya? |
| A2Kemampuan di masa lalu | could untuk kemampuan umum di masa lalu | I could run fast when I was young. | Dulu saya bisa berlari cepat ketika masih muda. |
| A2Permintaan sopan | Could lebih sopan daripada can | Could you open the door, please? | Bisakah Anda tolong membukakan pintu? |
| A2Kemungkinan | could menyatakan apa yang mungkin terjadi | It could rain later. | Nanti mungkin akan hujan. |
| A2Tense lain | be able to menggantikan can | I'll be able to help you tomorrow. | Besok saya akan bisa membantumu. |
| A2Jebakan | satu keberhasilan di masa lalu memakai was / were able to | The fire was big, but we were able to escape. | Kebakarannya besar, tetapi kami berhasil melarikan diri. |
Must dan have to
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bentuk: must | subjek + must + V; satu bentuk untuk semua subjek | She must study. | Dia harus belajar. |
| Bentuk: have to | have to, tetapi has to dengan he, she, it | We have to leave. / He has to leave. | Kami harus pergi. / Dia harus pergi. |
| Pertanyaan, negatif | have to memakai do / does / did lalu bentuk dasar | Do you have to leave? / She doesn't have to leave. | Apakah kamu harus pergi? / Dia tidak harus pergi. |
| must | pendapat penutur sendiri atau aturan tertulis | I must save more money. / Visitors must sign in. | Saya harus menabung lebih banyak uang. / Pengunjung wajib mengisi daftar hadir. |
| have to | situasi atau orang lain yang menentukan; umum dalam percakapan | I have to get up at six for work. | Saya harus bangun pukul enam untuk bekerja. |
| mustn't | dilarang | You mustn't use your phone here. | Kamu tidak boleh memakai ponsel di sini. |
| don't have to | tidak perlu: boleh memilih | You don't have to come. | Kamu tidak harus datang. |
| Jebakan | had to adalah bentuk past dari must | I had to work on Saturday. | Saya harus bekerja pada hari Sabtu. |
Should
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bentuk | subjek + should + kata kerja dasar; satu bentuk untuk semua subjek | You should see a doctor. | Kamu sebaiknya ke dokter. |
| Negatif | shouldn't; tanpa do | You shouldn't work so late. | Kamu sebaiknya tidak bekerja selarut itu. |
| Pertanyaan | Should + subjek + kata kerja dasar; tanpa do | Should I take the bus? / What should I do? | Sebaiknya saya naik bus? / Apa yang sebaiknya saya lakukan? |
| Saran | should untuk gagasan yang baik, shouldn't untuk yang buruk | You should drink more water. / You shouldn't eat so much sugar. | Kamu sebaiknya minum lebih banyak air. / Kamu sebaiknya tidak makan terlalu banyak gula. |
| Pendapat | apa yang dianggap benar atau baik | I think the government should build more parks. | Menurut saya, pemerintah seharusnya membangun lebih banyak taman. |
| Should atau must | should: saran atau kewajiban ringan; must: kewajiban kuat atau aturan | You should wear a coat. / You must wear a seat belt. | Kamu sebaiknya memakai mantel. / Kamu harus memakai sabuk pengaman. |
| Jebakan | pendapat negatif memakai don't pada think | I don't think you should go. | Menurut saya, sebaiknya kamu tidak pergi. |
May dan might
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bentuk | subjek + might / may + kata kerja dasar; satu bentuk untuk semua subjek | She might come. | Dia mungkin datang. |
| Negatif | might not / may not | He might not come. | Dia mungkin tidak datang. |
| Kemungkinan | sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi, sekarang atau di masa depan | She might be at home. / We might go to the beach. | Dia mungkin ada di rumah. / Kami mungkin pergi ke pantai. |
| Might atau may | might terdengar sedikit kurang yakin | It might rain. / It may rain. | Mungkin saja akan hujan. / Mungkin akan hujan. |
| Pertanyaan tentang kemungkinan | ditanyakan dengan think + will | Do you think it will rain? | Menurutmu, apakah akan hujan? |
| Jebakan | may be berada setelah subjek; maybe memulai klausa | He may be late. / Maybe he is late. | Dia mungkin terlambat. / Mungkin dia terlambat. |
Would
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Keinginan | would like + kata benda / to kata kerja dasar; bentuk singkat 'd | I'd like a coffee, please. / I'd like to book a table. | Saya ingin kopi, tolong. / Saya ingin memesan meja. |
| Pertanyaan dan tawaran | Would + subjek + V; tanpa do | Would you like some cake? | Apakah kamu mau sedikit kue? |
Menyusun kalimat
Konjungsi dan kata penghubung
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| and, or | and menambahkan gagasan, or memberi pilihan; biasanya tanpa koma di depannya | I like tea and coffee. / Do you want tea or coffee? | Saya suka teh dan kopi. / Kamu mau teh atau kopi? |
| but, so | but menyatakan pertentangan, so menyatakan akibat; biasanya ada koma di depannya | I like tea, but I don't like coffee. / I'm tired, so I go to bed. | Saya suka teh, tetapi saya tidak suka kopi. / Saya lelah, jadi saya pergi tidur. |
| because | memberi alasan; diikuti klausa | I'm tired because I work late. | Saya lelah karena saya bekerja sampai larut. |
| A2when, before, after | klausa waktu; simple present membicarakan masa depan | When I arrive, I'll call you. | Ketika saya tiba, saya akan meneleponmu. |
| A2also, too | also diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama dan setelah be; too diletakkan di akhir | I also speak French. / I speak French too. | Saya juga berbicara bahasa Prancis. / Saya berbicara bahasa Prancis juga. |
| A2Jebakan | because of diikuti kata benda | We stayed in because of the rain. | Kami tinggal di rumah karena hujan. |
Kalimat conditional: zero, first, dan second
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero: fakta | if + present, present | If you mix blue and yellow, you get green. | Kalau kamu mencampur biru dan kuning, hasilnya hijau. |
| First: kemungkinan nyata | if + present, will + V | If you study, you'll pass. | Kalau kamu belajar, kamu akan lulus. |
| Klausa if | Simple Present, juga untuk masa depan | If it rains, we'll stay in. | Kalau hujan, kami akan tinggal di rumah. |
| Urutan | klausa if di awal: pakai koma; di akhir: tanpa koma | If it rains, we'll stay in. / We'll stay in if it rains. | Kalau hujan, kami akan tinggal di rumah. / Kami akan tinggal di rumah kalau hujan. |
Kata sifat dan kata keterangan
Kata sifat dan urutannya
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| kata sifat + kata benda | kata sifat diletakkan sebelum kata benda | She has a new phone. | Dia punya ponsel baru. |
| kata kerja + kata sifat | kata kerjanya be, look, feel, sound, taste atau smell | You look tired. | Kamu kelihatan lelah. |
| A2Beberapa kata sifat | pendapat, ukuran, usia, bentuk, warna, asal, bahan, tujuan | a nice old wooden chair | kursi kayu tua yang bagus |
| A2-ed / -ing | -ed: bagaimana perasaan seseorang; -ing: penyebab perasaan itu | I'm bored. / The film is boring. | Saya bosan. / Filmnya membosankan. |
| Jebakan | satu bentuk untuk tunggal dan jamak | two red cars | dua mobil merah |
| A2Jebakan | ukuran sebelum warna, usia sebelum bahan | a big red bag / an old wooden table | tas merah yang besar / meja kayu tua |
Komparatif dan superlatif
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Satu suku kata, atau dua suku kata berakhiran -y | + er / + est | Trains are faster than buses. / It's the cheapest. | Kereta lebih cepat daripada bus. / Itu yang paling murah. |
| Ejaan | tambahkan r setelah -e; y menjadi i; satu konsonan akhir digandakan | nice → nicer / happy → happier / big → bigger | menyenangkan, lebih menyenangkan / bahagia, lebih bahagia / besar, lebih besar |
| Kata sifat lain dengan dua suku kata atau lebih | more + kata sifat / the most + kata sifat | This bag is more expensive. | Tas ini lebih mahal. |
| Tidak beraturan | good → better → the best / bad → worse → the worst | It's the best film of the year. | Ini film terbaik tahun ini. |
| komparatif + than | membandingkan dua benda; dalam percakapan, setelah than dipakai kata ganti objek | She is taller than me. | Dia lebih tinggi daripada saya. |
| the + superlatif + in / of | yang paling unggul di antara tiga benda atau lebih; in untuk tempat atau kelompok, of untuk angka | She is the tallest in the class. | Dia yang paling tinggi di kelas. |
| as + kata sifat + as / not as + kata sifat + as | sama; tidak sama | My flat is as big as yours. / Tea is not as strong as coffee. | Apartemen saya sama besarnya dengan apartemen kamu. / Teh tidak sekuat kopi. |
| Jebakan | better dan worse sudah merupakan komparatif | This is better. | Ini lebih baik. |
Kata keterangan frekuensi dan cara
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frekuensi | seberapa sering: always (100%), usually, often, sometimes, never (0%) | I always walk to work. | Saya selalu berjalan kaki ke tempat kerja. |
| A2Cara | bagaimana sesuatu terjadi: kata sifat + ly; y → ily | He walks slowly. / They sing happily. | Dia berjalan perlahan. / Mereka bernyanyi dengan gembira. |
| A2Cara: tidak beraturan | fast, hard, late dan early memakai bentuk yang sama dengan kata sifatnya | He runs fast. | Dia berlari cepat. |
| How often? | ungkapan frekuensi diletakkan di akhir | How often do you swim? — I swim every day. | Seberapa sering kamu berenang? — Saya berenang setiap hari. |
| Frekuensi: posisi | sebelum kata kerja utama, setelah be | I often walk. / She is always late. | Saya sering berjalan kaki. / Dia selalu terlambat. |
| A2Frekuensi: dengan kata kerja bantu | di antara kata kerja bantu dan kata kerja utama | I can never find my keys. | Saya tidak pernah bisa menemukan kunci saya. |
| A2Cara: posisi | setelah kata kerja, atau setelah objek | He opened the door slowly. | Dia membuka pintu perlahan-lahan. |
| A2Jebakan | good menerangkan kata benda; well menerangkan kata kerja | She sings well. | Dia menyanyi dengan baik. |
Kata depan
Kata depan tempat dan gerakan
| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| in | di dalam suatu ruang, di kota atau negara | in the bag / in Madrid | di dalam tas / di Madrid |
| on | menyentuh permukaan | on the table / on the wall | di atas meja / di dinding |
| at | satu titik atau tempat menurut fungsinya | at the door / at home | di pintu / di rumah |
| Ungkapan tetap | tanpa the: at home, at work, in bed, to school | She's at work. / I go to work. | Dia ada di tempat kerja. / Saya pergi ke tempat kerja. |
| behind, near | diletakkan langsung sebelum kata benda | I live near the park. | Saya tinggal dekat taman. |
| to / from | gerakan menuju dan dari suatu tempat; home langsung mengikuti go | We go to the beach. / I go home. | Kami pergi ke pantai. / Saya pulang. |
| A2in → into / on → onto / at → to | tempat menjadi gerakan | She goes into the kitchen. / The cat jumps onto the sofa. | Dia masuk ke dapur. / Kucing itu melompat ke atas sofa. |
| A2along, across, through | jalur gerakan | We walk across the bridge. / The train goes through a tunnel. | Kami berjalan menyeberangi jembatan. / Kereta melewati sebuah terowongan. |
| A2arrive | arrive in untuk kota atau negara; arrive at untuk bangunan | We arrive in Paris. / I arrive at the office. | Kami tiba di Paris. / Saya tiba di kantor. |
| A2Transportasi | get on a bus, train, plane, bike; get in a car, taxi | I get on the bus. / She gets in the taxi. | Saya naik bus. / Dia naik taksi. |
| Jebakan | next to dan in front of tetap memakai to dan of | next to the café / in front of the school | di sebelah kafe / di depan sekolah |