A de complement, an adjective or a participle specifies the noun; the article or demonstrative replaces a missing noun. Without commas, the complement identifies; between commas, it adds a detail: La chica de los ojos azules es mi prima. Mi prima, de ojos azules, vive en Lima.
No information at the current level. This view starts at B2: choose B2 or a higher level.
No information at the current level. This view starts at B2: choose B2 or a higher level.
CheatsheetB2–C2
| Point | Rule | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Omitted noun | article + de + complement: stands in for a known noun | Mi bolso es viejo, pero el de Marta es nuevo. | My bag is old, but Marta's is new. | B2 |
| Possessive | three readings; with de and a pronoun, only the theme | Encontré fotos de ti en el sobre. | I found photos of you in the envelope. | B2 |
| Several complements | the material complement comes before the purpose complement | Mi hermana vende mesas de madera para niños. | My sister sells wooden tables for children. | B2 |
| Between commas | the complement adds a detail and does not identify the noun | Mi abuelo, de pelo blanco, vive en Cuenca. | My grandfather, with white hair, lives in Cuenca. | B2 |
| Participle | passive reading, like a relative clause | Los candidatos elegidos reciben un diploma. | The selected candidates receive a diploma. | B2 |
| Relational adjective | stands right next to the noun and cannot be graded | Trabajo en una fábrica textil. | I work in a textile factory. | B2 |
| Omitted noun | the subject complement of ser names the missing noun | El de camarero es un trabajo duro. | The waiter's job is a hard one. | C1 |
| Action noun | two readings: the complement does the action or receives it | La crítica de Luis sorprendió a todos. | Luis's criticism surprised everyone. | C1 |
| un + noun + de + noun | the first noun gives the quality of the second | Mi vecina es un encanto de persona. | My neighbour is a gem of a person. | C1 |
| un + noun + de + noun | with a strong evaluation, it is the same as an adjective on the second noun | Me regalaron un horror de lámpara. | They gave me a horror of a lamp. | C2 |
| Trap | the noun keeps its preposition before que | El temor de que te vayas me quita el sueño. | The fear that you will leave keeps me awake. | C1 |
| Trap | the classifying adjective comes before the adjective of origin | Trabaja en la industria textil española. | She works in the Spanish textile industry. | C1 |
The omitted nounB2–C1
| Pattern | Meaning | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| demonstrative + de + complement | The demonstrative points to one among several, and the context supplies the noun. | En la foto, ese de la camisa roja es mi tío. | In the photo, that one in the red shirt is my uncle. | B2 |
| article + de + complement | The article picks up a noun already mentioned. | Mi bolso es viejo, pero el de Marta es nuevo. | My bag is old, but Marta's is new. | B2 |
| article + de + complement + ser + subject complement | The noun was not mentioned before: the subject complement that follows names it. | El de camarero es un trabajo duro. | The waiter's job is a hard one. | C1 |
| el + infinitive + de + complement | The infinitive works as a noun and takes a complement with de. | El cantar de los pájaros me despierta cada mañana. | The singing of the birds wakes me every morning. | C1 |
- The article or the demonstrative agrees in gender and number with the missing noun: Mis botas son nuevas; las de Ana son viejas.My boots are new; Ana's are old.
Complements with deB2–C1
| Complement | Reading | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| possessive + noun | Subjective, objective or possessive: you made them, they show you, or they are yours. | Encontré tus fotos en el sobre. | I found your photos in the envelope. | B2 |
| noun + de + pronoun | Objective only: the photos show you. | Encontré fotos de ti en el sobre. | I found photos of you in the envelope. | B2 |
| Several complements | The material complement comes first, then the purpose complement. | Mi hermana vende mesas de madera para niños. | My sister sells wooden tables for children. | B2 |
| action noun + de + noun | Two readings: the complement does the action or receives it. | La crítica de Luis sorprendió a todos. | Luis's criticism surprised everyone. | C1 |
| noun + preposition + infinitive | With an infinitive, the person who feels and the person who acts are the same. | Su deseo de viajar creció con los años. | Her wish to travel grew with the years. | C1 |
| Noun of wish or fear | With a different subject: de que and the subjunctive. | El temor de que te vayas me quita el sueño. | The fear that you will leave keeps me awake. | C1 |
| Noun of news or belief | Takes de que and the indicative. | Nos alegró la noticia de que habían ganado. | The news that they had won made us happy. | C1 |
| Two relational adjectives | The one that classifies stands next to the noun, then the one of origin. | Trabaja en la industria textil española. | She works in the Spanish textile industry. | C1 |
| Participle or adjective | Two readings: passive, someone shortened it, or quality, it is short. | Compré una edición reducida del diccionario. | I bought a shortened edition of the dictionary. | C1 |
Complements that do not restrictB2
| Complement | Punctuation | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With de, identifies the noun | No commas | Saludé a la chica de los ojos azules. | I said hello to the girl with the blue eyes. | B2 |
| With de, only adds a detail | Between commas | Mi abuelo, de pelo blanco, vive en Cuenca. | My grandfather, with white hair, lives in Cuenca. | B2 |
| Passive participle | No commas if it identifies; between commas if it only adds | los candidatos elegidos = los candidatos que han sido elegidos | the selected candidates = the candidates who have been selected | B2 |
| Relational adjective | No commas | Hay una reunión presidencial el lunes. | There is a presidential meeting on Monday. | B2 |
- The relational adjective stands next to the noun, and the qualifying adjective after it: una crisis económica profundaa deep economic crisis
- The relational adjective cannot be graded: it takes no muy or ‑ísimo. una fábrica textila textile factory
- Complements with a relative clause and its mood: see Relative Clauses.
Un N de NC1–C2
| Pattern | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| un + quality noun + de + noun | Mi vecina es un encanto de persona. | My neighbour is a gem of a person. | C1 |
| una + quality noun + de + noun | Mi sobrino es una monada de bebé. | My nephew is a darling of a baby. | C1 |
| un + noun of strong evaluation + de + noun | Me regalaron un horror de lámpara. | They gave me a horror of a lamp. | C2 |
- The first noun gives the quality, and the second names who has it.
- The article agrees with the first noun, not with the second.
- C2With a strong evaluation, the first noun is the same as an adjective on the second: un horror de lámpara = una lámpara horrorosaa horror of a lamp = a horrible lamp
Typical errorsB2–C1
| Wrong | Right | Rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| una mesa para niños de madera | una mesa de madera para niños | the material complement comes before the purpose complement | B2 |
| una fábrica muy textil | una fábrica textil | the relational adjective cannot be graded | B2 |
| un problema grave económico | un problema económico grave | the relational adjective stands right next to the noun | B2 |
| Mi bolso es viejo, pero el Marta es nuevo. | Mi bolso es viejo, pero el de Marta es nuevo. | with no noun, the article takes de and the complement | B2 |
| El de Pablo tiene mucha amistad con la hermana de Luisa. | El hermano de Pablo tiene mucha amistad con la hermana de Luisa. | with no antecedent or subject complement to name it, the article is not enough | C1 |
| el temor que te vayas | el temor de que te vayas | before que, the noun keeps its preposition | C1 |
| la industria española textil | la industria textil española | the classifying adjective comes before the adjective of origin | C1 |
| una encanto de persona | un encanto de persona | the article agrees with the first noun | C1 |