English

Linkers

A1–B1Sentence building 9 min

Linkers join ideas: y adds, o offers a choice, pero contrasts, porque gives a reason and por eso a result. The reason follows the main clause with porque, or comes first with como: No salgo porque llueve. Como llueve, no salgo.

No information at the current level. This view starts at A1: choose A1 or a higher level.

No information at the current level. This view starts at A1: choose A1 or a higher level.

CheatsheetA1–B1

PointRuleExampleEnglish
Addingy joins two words or two clausesSoy americana y vivo en Los Ángeles.I'm American and I live in Los Angeles.
Choiceo offers a choice¿Eres americano o inglés?Are you American or English?
Contrastpero sets two facts against each other, after a commaSoy alemán, pero vivo en Suiza.I'm German, but I live in Switzerland.
Negativeafter a negative, ni adds the next itemNo me gusta el otoño ni el invierno.I don't like autumn or winter.
Reasonporque gives a reason, after the main clauseEstoy en España porque me gusta.I'm in Spain because I like it.
A2Spellingy → e before i, o → u before opadre e hijo / siete u ochofather and son / seven or eight
A2Resultpor eso opens the resultEstá enfermo. Por eso no ha venido.He's ill. That's why he hasn't come.
A2Timecuando with the present for what usually happensCuando llueve, me quedo en casa.When it rains, I stay at home.
A2Orderprimero / luego / después put actions in orderPrimero desayuno, luego me ducho y después salgo.First I have breakfast, then I have a shower and after that I go out.
B1Reason firstcomo gives the reason before the main clauseComo no venías, empecé a cenar.As you weren't coming, I started dinner.
B1Contrastaunque / sin embargo: a fact that goes against the otherLo entiendo todo, aunque no hablo bien.I understand everything, although I don't speak well.
B1Resultasí que joins the result to the causeNo había entradas, así que no la vimos.There were no tickets left, so we didn't see it.

OverviewA1

  • A linker joins two words or two clauses and shows how they relate: adding, choice, contrast, reason, result or time.
  • A comma goes before pero, never before y in a simple list: Tengo un hermano y una hermana, pero no tengo primos. — I've got a brother and a sister, but I haven't got any cousins.

Use: adding and choosingA1–A2

LinkerUseExampleEnglish
yaddingSoy americana y vivo en Los Ángeles.I'm American and I live in Los Angeles.
oa choice¿Eres americano o inglés?Are you American or English?
niadding after a negativeNo me gusta el otoño ni el invierno.I don't like autumn or winter.
A2ey before i, hiQuiero verte e ir a tu casa.I want to see you and go to your house.
A2uo before o, hoCompra siete u ocho botellas de leche.Buy seven or eight bottles of milk.
A2
  • y becomes e before a word that starts with the sound i: padre e hijo / inglés e italiano.
  • o becomes u before a word that starts with the sound o: siete u ocho / mujer u hombre.
  • y stays before hie, which sounds like ye: agua y hielo.

Use: contrastA1–B1

LinkerUseExampleEnglish
perotwo facts set against each otherSoy alemán, pero vivo en Suiza.I'm German, but I live in Switzerland.
B1aunquea fact that goes against the other, in the same sentenceLo entiendo todo, aunque no hablo bien.I understand everything, although I don't speak well.
B1sin embargothe contrast at the start of a new sentence or clauseAcepté; sin embargo, no estaba seguro.I accepted; however, I wasn't sure.
B1
  • aunque with the indicative states a real fact, like pero.
  • sin embargo sits between commas, or after a semicolon or a full stop.

Use: reason and resultA1–B1

LinkerUseExampleEnglish
porquethe reason, after the main clauseEstoy en España porque me gusta.I'm in Spain because I like it.
B1comothe reason, before the main clauseComo no venías, empecé a cenar.As you weren't coming, I started dinner.
A2por esothe resultEstá enfermo. Por eso no ha venido.He's ill. That's why he hasn't come.
A2entonceswhat follows from what was saidEntonces quedamos mañana, ¿no?So we'll meet tomorrow, then?
B1así quethe result, in the same sentenceNo había entradas, así que no la vimos.There were no tickets left, so we didn't see it.
  • porque is one word and answers; por qué is two words and asks: ¿Por qué estudias español? — Porque me gusta. — Why are you studying Spanish? — Because I like it.

Use: timeA2–B1

LinkerUseExampleEnglish
cuandowith the present, what usually happensCuando llueve, me quedo en casa.When it rains, I stay at home.
antes de + infinitivethe earlier actionMe lavo los dientes antes de acostarme.I brush my teeth before going to bed.
después de + infinitivethe later actionA veces doy un paseo después de cenar.Sometimes I go for a walk after dinner.
primero / luego / despuésthe order of actions: first, then, after thatPrimero desayuno, luego me ducho y después salgo.First I have breakfast, then I have a shower and after that I go out.

Compare: porque and comoB1

porquecomo
after the main clausebefore the main clause
No salgo porque llueve. — I'm not going out because it's raining.Como llueve, no salgo. — As it's raining, I'm not going out.

Typical errorsA1–B1

✗✓Rule
No me gusta el otoño y el invierno.No me gusta el otoño ni el invierno.after a negative, ni adds the next item
¿Porqué estudias español?¿Por qué estudias español?the question takes two words: por qué
A2padre y hijopadre e hijoy becomes e before i
A2siete o ochosiete u ochoo becomes u before o
A2Antes de me acuesto, leo un poco.Antes de acostarme, leo un poco.antes de takes the infinitive
A2Estudio español porque mi trabajo.Estudio español por mi trabajo.a noun as the reason takes por; porque takes a clause
B1Aunque estoy cansado, pero voy al trabajo.Aunque estoy cansado, voy al trabajo.aunque already marks the contrast, so pero stays out

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