The main verb picks the tense of the subjunctive: present or present perfect after a present, imperfect or past perfect after a past. The subjunctive follows the tense of the main verb: present after a present, imperfect after a past: Quiero que vengas. Quería que vinieras.
No information at the current level. This view starts at B2: choose B2 or a higher level.
No information at the current level. This view starts at B2: choose B2 or a higher level.
CheatsheetB2–C2
| Point | Rule | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main verb in the present | present subjunctive: the same time or later | Quiero que vengas mañana. | I want you to come tomorrow. | B2 |
| Main verb in the present | present perfect subjunctive: what happened earlier | Espero que hayas llegado bien. | I hope you arrived safely. | B2 |
| Main verb in a past tense | imperfect subjunctive: the same time or later | Pidió que esperáramos. | He asked us to wait. | B2 |
| Main verb in a past tense | past perfect subjunctive: what happened earlier | Esperaba que hubieras llegado. | I hoped you had arrived. | B2 |
| Reported speech | after dice the present; after dijo the imperfect | Dice que me siente. / Dijo que me sentara. | He says I should sit down. / He told me to sit down. | B2 |
| Adverbial clauses | after a past tense, the imperfect subjunctive | Se fue antes de que llegaras. | He left before you arrived. | B2 |
| Conditional perfect | past perfect subjunctive | Me habría gustado que hubieras venido. | I would have liked you to come. | C1 |
| Present tense and a past event | present perfect or imperfect subjunctive | No creo que haya llegado. / No creo que llegara ayer. | I don't think he has arrived. / I don't think he arrived yesterday. | C1 |
| Alternating forms | after a negation, two forms work for the same past event | No creo que Ana lo haya dicho. / No creo que Ana lo dijera. | I don't think Ana has said it. / I don't think Ana said it. | C2 |
| Trap | after a past tense, the imperfect subjunctive | Quería que vinieras. | I wanted you to come. | B2 |
| Trap | after habría gustado comes hubieras | Habría preferido que hubieras avisado. | I would have preferred you to let me know. | C1 |
OverviewB2–C2
- The subjunctive takes its tense from the main verb of its own sentence. Ayer me pidió que llamara; hoy me pide que llame.Yesterday he asked me to call; today he asks me to call.
- C2The future subjunctive, from legal and literary language: Future Subjunctive: hablare, hubiere.
Which subjunctive tenseB2–C1
| Main verb | Subordinate action | Subjunctive | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| present, future, present perfect or imperative | at the same time or later | present | Quiero que vengas mañana. / Dile que venga.I want you to come tomorrow. / Tell him to come. | B2 |
| present, future, present perfect or imperative | earlier | present perfect | Espero que hayas llegado bien.I hope you arrived safely. | B2 |
| preterite, imperfect, past perfect or conditional | at the same time or later | imperfect | Pidió que esperáramos. / Querría que vinieras.He asked us to wait. / I would like you to come. | B2 |
| preterite, imperfect, past perfect or conditional | earlier | past perfect | Esperaba que hubieras llegado.I hoped you had arrived. | B2 |
| conditional perfect | earlier: an event that did not happen | past perfect | Me habría gustado que hubieras venido.I would have liked you to come. | C1 |
Reported speechB2
| Direct speech | Reported speech | Rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siéntate.Sit down. | Dice que me siente.He says I should sit down. | with a speech verb in the present, the present subjunctive | B2 |
| Siéntate.Sit down. | Dijo que me sentara.He told me to sit down. | with a speech verb in a past tense, the imperfect subjunctive | B2 |
| Ve mañana / enseguida / inmediatamente.Go tomorrow / right away / immediately. | Dijo que fuera mañana / enseguida / inmediatamente.He told me to go tomorrow / right away / immediately. | the time word follows the moment of telling | B2 |
- The other changes in reported speech: Reported Speech and Passive se.
In adverbial clausesB2
| Pattern | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| past verb + cuando + imperfect subjunctive | Dijo que lo llamaras cuando llegaras. | He said you should call him when you arrived. | B2 |
| past verb + antes de que + imperfect subjunctive | Se fue antes de que llegaras. | He left before you arrived. | B2 |
| past verb + hasta que + imperfect subjunctive | Quiso esperar hasta que llegaras. | He wanted to wait until you arrived. | B2 |
| past verb + para que + imperfect subjunctive | Hablé despacio para que me entendieran. | I spoke slowly so that they would understand me. | B2 |
- How each linker is used: Subjunctive after cuando, para que, antes de que.
The present with reference to the pastC1
| Main verb | Subordinate verb | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense, a past event | present perfect subjunctive | No creo que haya llegado. | I don't think he has arrived. | C1 |
| present tense, a past event | imperfect subjunctive | No creo que llegara ayer. | I don't think he arrived yesterday. | C1 |
| present tense, a present or hypothetical future event | imperfect subjunctive | Dudo que lo hiciera él si pudiera. / No creo que nadie lo comprara a ese precio. | I doubt he would do it if he could. / I don't think anyone would buy it at that price. | C1 |
- The present perfect views the event from the present; the imperfect places it at a past moment.
Alternating formsC2
| Pattern | Example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| after no creer que, the present perfect or the imperfect for the same past event | No creo que Ana lo haya dicho. / No creo que Ana lo dijera. | I don't think Ana has said it. / I don't think Ana said it. | C2 |
| after no decir que and a past event, the indicative or the subjunctive | No dije que estaba enfermo. / No dije que estuviera enfermo. | I didn't say he was ill. / I never said he was ill. | C2 |
| desde que and hasta que with the imperfect subjunctive, in literary style | Desde que lo conociera, no pensaba en otra cosa. / No quiso hablar hasta que llegara su abogado. | Ever since she met him, she thought of nothing else. / He refused to talk until his lawyer arrived. | C2 |
- The present perfect and the imperfect: Present Perfect and Past Perfect Subjunctive; the mood after a negated speech verb: Subjunctive for Wishes, Doubt and Opinions; desde que and hasta que: Subjunctive after cuando, para que, antes de que.
Typical errorsB2–C1
| Wrong | Right | Rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quería que vengas. | Quería que vinieras. | after a main verb in a past tense, the imperfect subjunctive | B2 |
| Espero que llegaste bien. | Espero que hayas llegado bien. | an earlier action after a present takes the present perfect subjunctive | B2 |
| Esperaba que habías llegado. | Esperaba que hubieras llegado. | after a past tense, an earlier action takes the past perfect subjunctive | B2 |
| Dijo que me siente. | Dijo que me sentara. | a reported order after dijo takes the imperfect subjunctive | B2 |
| Se fue antes de que llegas. | Se fue antes de que llegaras. | after a past tense, antes de que takes the imperfect subjunctive | B2 |
| Me habría gustado que habrías venido. | Me habría gustado que hubieras venido. | after the conditional perfect comes the past perfect subjunctive | C1 |
| No creo que llegó ayer. | No creo que llegara ayer. | a past event after no creo que takes the subjunctive | C1 |