The auxiliary before the subject after never, rarely, not only and no sooner; place words, complements and objects fronted for emphasis. After a fronted negative adverbial the auxiliary comes before the subject, as in a question: Never have I seen such a crowd. Rarely does she complain.
No information at the current level. This view starts at C1: choose C1 or a higher level.
No information at the current level. This view starts at C1: choose C1 or a higher level.
CheatsheetC1–C2
| Point | Rule | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order | negative adverbial + auxiliary + subject + verb; do, does or did if there is none | Never have I seen such a crowd. / Rarely does she complain. | C1 |
| Negative adverbials | never, rarely, little, nowhere, not once, on no account | Little did he know what was coming. | C1 |
| Hardly and no sooner | hardly and scarcely take when, no sooner takes than; past perfect first | No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. | C1 |
| Not only, not until, only | the main clause inverts; the other clause keeps its order | Not until he left did I understand. | C1 |
| So and such | so + adjective or adverb, or such + be, then that | So tired was she that she fell asleep. | C1 |
| Nor and neither | the auxiliary of the first clause, then the subject | She didn't call, nor did she write. | C1 |
| Place and direction | the verb stands before a noun subject; a pronoun subject stays first | Here comes the bus. / Here he comes. | C2 |
| Complements and objects | a fronted complement puts be before the subject; an object does not | Gone are the days of long letters. / This much I know. | C2 |
| Than, as and quotations | a noun subject can follow the verb or auxiliary | Tom is tall, as is his brother. / “Come in,” said Tom. | C2 |
| Conditionals | had, were and should replace if in formal conditions | Should you need help, please ask. | C2 |
| Trap | the subject follows the auxiliary, not the adverbial | Not only did she win, but she also set a record. | C1 |
| Trap | do, does and did take the base verb | Rarely does he come late. | C1 |
OverviewC1–C2
- Inversion puts the auxiliary before the subject, the order of a question. Never have I seen such a crowd.
- A negative or restrictive adverbial at the start of the clause calls for it. Seldom is she late. / Only then did I understand.
- The clause remains a statement; the order adds emphasis.
- C2Fronting puts a place word, a complement or an object first for emphasis or style. Up went the balloon.
Form: the orderC1
| Verb | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | negative adverbial + be + subject | Seldom is she late. | C1 |
| have, will and other auxiliaries | negative adverbial + auxiliary + subject + verb | Never before had I seen snow. / Never will I forget it. | C1 |
| modal verbs | negative adverbial + modal + subject + base verb | Seldom can you find a quieter café. | C1 |
| other verbs | negative adverbial + do, does, did + subject + base verb | Rarely does she complain. / Seldom did we meet. | C1 |
- With two or more auxiliaries the first one moves. Never has she been so surprised.
- The main verb takes the base form after do, does or did. Not once did she raise her voice.
- Question order is in Questions and negatives.
Use: negative adverbialsC1
| Adverbials | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency: never, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely ever | Seldom do we eat out. / Hardly ever does he phone. / Never before had I felt so tired. | C1 |
| Degree and manner: little, in no way | Little did she suspect the truth. / In no way is this your fault. | C1 |
| Place: nowhere | Nowhere is the air cleaner than here. / Nowhere else could we find fresh bread. | C1 |
| Prohibition and absence: on no account, under no circumstances, at no time | On no account must the door be opened. / Under no circumstances should you share the password. / At no time was anyone in danger. | C1 |
| Time and number: not once, not since | Not once did he say thank you. / Not since 2010 have we had snow like this. | C1 |
- In its usual place the same adverbial leaves the order unchanged. I have never seen such a crowd.
- little means not at all and goes with know, realise, suspect and imagine.
- Negative words with a positive verb are in Questions and negatives.
Hardly … when and no sooner … thanC1
| Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| hardly had + subject + past participle + when + clause | Hardly had we sat down when the lights went out. | C1 |
| scarcely had + subject + past participle + when + clause | Scarcely had she spoken when the phone rang. | C1 |
| no sooner had + subject + past participle + than + clause | No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. | C1 |
- Only the first clause inverts, with had; the second clause, in the past simple, keeps normal order.
- The pattern reports two past events in quick succession: the first is complete when the second begins.
Not only, not until and onlyC1
| Opening | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| Not only … but also | Not only did she win, but she also set a record. | C1 |
| Not until … | Not until he left did I understand. | C1 |
| Only then | Only then did I see the problem. | C1 |
| Only when / only after | Only after dinner did he tell us the news. / Only when the rain stopped did we leave. | C1 |
| Only if / only by | Only if you ask will she help. / Only by working together can we finish. | C1 |
- The opening clause keeps normal order; the main clause that follows it inverts.
- In not only … but also only the first clause inverts.
- only and even in other places are in Word Order.
So and suchC1
| Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| so + adjective + be + subject + that + clause | So tired was she that she fell asleep at once. | C1 |
| so + adverb + auxiliary + subject + verb + that + clause | So quickly did he run that nobody caught him. | C1 |
| such + be + subject + that + clause | Such was his anger that he left the room. | C1 |
- The that clause gives the result and keeps normal order.
- so and such in normal order are in Too, Enough, So and Such.
Nor and neitherC1
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| Agreeing with a negative statement | I don't like it. — Neither do I. | C1 |
| Adding a second negative to a negative clause | He didn't call, nor did he write. | C1 |
| Continuing a negative point in a new sentence | The plan was risky. Nor was it cheap. | C1 |
- The auxiliary matches the first clause: be, have or a modal as there; do, does or did otherwise.
- neither and nor both start a reply; nor also joins a second clause to a negative first.
Compare: inversion and normal orderC1
| Point | Inversion | Normal order | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Effect | formal, emphatic or dramatic | neutral | C1 |
| Where | writing, speeches, news and fiction | speech and plain writing | C1 |
| Frequency | Never have I seen such a crowd. | I have never seen such a crowd. | C1 |
| Place | Nowhere else could we find fresh bread. | We couldn't find fresh bread anywhere else. | C1 |
| Addition | Not only did she win, but she also set a record. | She not only won, but also set a record. | C1 |
Fronting: place and directionC2
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| here, there and now with come, go and be | Here comes the bus. / There goes my chance. | C2 |
| A place phrase with a verb of position | At the end of the road stood an old mill. / Beside the window sat a sleeping cat. | C2 |
| A direction word with a verb of motion | Up went the balloon. / In came the waiter with the soup. | C2 |
| A pronoun subject | Here she comes. / Off they went. | C2 |
- The full verb moves before a noun subject, with no do.
- Verbs of position and motion fit best: stand, sit, lie, come, go, run and fall.
- Stories, descriptions and stage directions use this order to set a scene.
Fronting: complements and objectsC2
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| An adjective or participle complement before be and a noun subject | Gone are the days of long letters. / Great was her relief. | C2 |
| A noun phrase with such before be | Such a kind teacher was she. | C2 |
| A complement with a pronoun subject | Cold it was, and wet. | C2 |
| An object first, then subject and verb | This much I know. / Money he had, but friends he lacked. | C2 |
| A verb phrase first, with do after the subject | Win the match we did, but only just. | C2 |
- After a fronted object or verb phrase, the subject and verb keep their normal order.
- These patterns belong to literary, rhetorical and formal style.
Than, as and quotation tagsC2
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| After than in a formal comparison | Prices rose faster than did wages. | C2 |
| After as, adding a parallel fact | Tom is tall, as is his brother. / The company grew, as did its profits. | C2 |
| A tag after a quotation, with a noun subject | “Come in,” said Tom. / “We will wait,” replied the old man. | C2 |
- The auxiliary after than or as stands for the verb already mentioned.
- A pronoun subject comes first in a tag: “Come in,” he said.
- Speech and plain writing keep the subject first: than his brother did, as his brother is.
- Comparisons in general are in Comparatives and Superlatives.
Inverted conditionals in contextC2
| Pattern | Where it appears | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| had + subject + past participle | a report on a past mistake | Had the manager been told, the delay would have been avoided. | C2 |
| were it not for + noun | a formal reason that decided the outcome | Were it not for her advice, I would have signed. | C2 |
| should + subject + base verb | a polite notice or email | Should you need help, please ask at the desk. | C2 |
- The full set of conditionals is in Conditionals.
Typical errorsC1–C2
| Wrong | Right | Rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Never I have seen such a crowd. | Never have I seen such a crowd. | after a fronted negative the auxiliary comes before the subject | C1 |
| Rarely does he comes late. | Rarely does he come late. | does takes the base verb | C1 |
| Not only she won, but she also set a record. | Not only did she win, but she also set a record. | not only at the start puts the auxiliary before the subject | C1 |
| Not only did she win, but also did she set a record. | Not only did she win, but she also set a record. | only the first clause inverts | C1 |
| No sooner had he arrived when it began to rain. | No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. | no sooner takes than; hardly takes when | C1 |
| Not until he left, I understood. | Not until he left did I understand. | not until and its clause call for the inverted main clause | C1 |
| So tired she was that she fell asleep. | So tired was she that she fell asleep. | be comes before the subject after a fronted so phrase | C1 |
| Nor I do. | Nor do I. | nor and neither take the auxiliary before the subject | C1 |
| On the hill did stand a castle. | On the hill stood a castle. | fronting a place moves the full verb, with no do | C2 |
| Here comes he. | Here he comes. | a pronoun subject stays before the verb | C2 |
| Gone the days are. | Gone are the days. | be comes before a noun subject after a fronted complement | C2 |
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