Need for what is necessary and dare for what takes courage, each as a main verb with to or as a modal without it. The modal forms take the base verb; the main-verb forms take to: You needn't wait. You don't need to wait.
No information at the current level. This view starts at B2: choose B2 or a higher level.
No information at the current level. This view starts at B2: choose B2 or a higher level.
CheatsheetB2–C1
| Point | Rule | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Need: main verb | subject + need / needs + to + V; do in questions and negatives | She needs to rest. | B2 |
| Need: modal | subject + needn't + V; no ‑s, no to | You needn't come. | B2 |
| Not necessary | needn't = don't need to = don't have to | You don't need to pay. | B2 |
| Need and a job to do | needs washing = needs to be washed | The car needs washing. | B2 |
| Needn't have | it was done and was not necessary | I needn't have waited. | B2 |
| Dare: main verb | subject + dare / dares + to + V; do in questions and negatives | He didn't dare to ask. | B2 |
| Dare: modal | daren't or dare not + base verb; Dare I…? | I daren't ask. / Dare I ask? | B2 |
| Fixed phrases | I dare say: probably; How dare you: anger | I dare say you are right. / How dare you speak to me like that! | B2 |
| Formal need | need hardly say, need not, if need be, needs must | We can stay longer, if need be. | C1 |
| Dare: challenge | dare + person + to + V challenges someone | She dared him to jump. | C1 |
| Trap | main-verb need takes to and a base verb | He needs to go. | B2 |
Form: need as a main verbB2
| Form | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | subject + need / needs + to + V | She needs to rest. | B2 |
| Negative | subject + don't / doesn't / didn't + need to + V | You don't need to pay. | B2 |
| Question | Do / Does / Did + subject + need to + V | Do you need to leave? | B2 |
| Past | subject + needed to + V | We needed to leave early. | B2 |
Patterns after needB2
| Use | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A thing that is needed | need + noun | I need a new phone. | B2 |
| Someone else must act | need + person + to + V | I need you to help me. | B2 |
| A thing that needs a job done | needs + V-ing | The car needs washing. | B2 |
| The same meaning, in the passive | needs to be + past participle | The car needs to be washed. | B2 |
Form: need as a modalB2
| Form | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | subject + needn't + V | You needn't come. | B2 |
| Question | Need + subject + V | Need I bring anything? | B2 |
- Modal need has one form for every subject and takes the base verb: She needn't wait.
- Need I…? is formal; speech prefers Do I need to…?
Use: no necessityB2
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| Not necessary: three ways to say it | You needn't wait. = You don't need to wait. = You don't have to wait. | B2 |
| Only one thing is needed | You need only ask. | B2 |
| All that is needed | All you need do is sign here. | B2 |
- Needn't is mainly British; American English prefers don't need to.
- Must and have to say what is necessary. See Must and Have To.
Compare: needn't have and didn't need toB2
| Point | needn't have | didn't need to | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | it was done, and it was not necessary | it was not necessary; it may not have happened | B2 |
| Example | We needn't have booked a table. The café was empty. | We didn't need to book a table, so we walked in. | B2 |
- Other modals look back in the same way. See Modal Verbs in the Past.
Form: dare as a main verbB2
| Form | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | subject + dare / dares + to + V | She dares to speak up. | B2 |
| Negative | subject + don't / doesn't / didn't + dare to + V | He didn't dare to ask. | B2 |
| Question | Do / Does / Did + subject + dare to + V | Did he dare to ask? | B2 |
Form: dare as a modalB2
| Form | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | subject + daren't / dare not + V | I daren't ask. | B2 |
| Question | Dare + subject + V | Dare I ask? | B2 |
- Modal dare has one form for every subject and takes the base verb: He daren't speak.
- Modal dare is mainly British; main-verb dare is more usual in speech.
Fixed phrases with dareB2
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| probably: I dare say | I dare say you are right. | B2 |
| anger at rude behaviour: How dare you, how dare he | How dare you speak to me like that! | B2 |
| a warning: Don't you dare…! | Don't you dare touch that! | B2 |
Formal and fixed uses of needC1
| Use | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| it is obvious: need hardly say | I need hardly say how important this is. | C1 |
| formal negative: need not in two words | The answer need not be long. | C1 |
| after a negative word: no one need | No one need know about this. | C1 |
| if it becomes necessary: if need be | We can stay longer, if need be. | C1 |
| what must be done: needs must | I dislike night shifts, but needs must. | C1 |
Formal and fixed uses of dareC1
| Use | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A challenge to someone | dare + person + to + V | She dared him to jump. | C1 |
| A refusal to take a risk | wouldn't dare + V | I wouldn't dare tell her. | C1 |
| Main-verb dare without to | doesn't / didn't + dare + V | He didn't dare tell her the truth. | C1 |
| A rhetorical question, literary | Who + dare + V | Who dare call this a failure? | C1 |
Typical errorsB2–C1
| Wrong | Right | Rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| He needs go. | He needs to go. | main-verb need takes to | B2 |
| He don't need to going. | He doesn't need to go. | doesn't + need to + base verb | B2 |
| You needn't to come. | You needn't come. | needn't + base verb | B2 |
| She daren't to ask. | She daren't ask. | daren't + base verb | B2 |
| Did he dared to ask? | Did he dare to ask? | the verb after did is a base verb | B2 |
| The car needs to wash. | The car needs washing. / The car needs to be washed. | the car receives the action: ‑ing or the passive | B2 |
| I need that you help me. | I need you to help me. | need + person + to + V | B2 |
| She dared to him to jump. | She dared him to jump. | dare + person + to + V | C1 |
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