# Kata kerja modal di masa lampau: must have, should have

https://langs123.com/id/english/modals/modal-perfect/
CEFR B2–C1 · 2026-10-19 · CC BY 4.0, langs123 contributors (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

> Must have, can't have, dan might have untuk menyimpulkan masa lampau; should have untuk penyesalan dan kritik; needn't have untuk tindakan yang tidak perlu. Kata kerja modal dan have tidak pernah berubah, dan kata kerja utama berbentuk past participle: She must have left. You should have called.

## Ringkasan

| Poin | Aturan | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bentuk | subjek + must / should / could + have + past participle; have tidak pernah berubah | She should have called. | Seharusnya dia menelepon. |
| Kesimpulan: pasti | must have: hal itu terjadi; can't have: hal itu tidak terjadi | She must have left. / He can't have known. | Dia pasti sudah pergi. / Dia tidak mungkin sudah tahu. |
| Kesimpulan: mungkin | may have, might have, atau could have: mungkin hal itu terjadi | They might have missed the bus. | Mungkin mereka ketinggalan bus. |
| Penyesalan dan kritik | should have: tidak dilakukan; shouldn't have: dilakukan dan salah | I should have asked. / I shouldn't have shouted. | Seharusnya saya bertanya. / Seharusnya saya tidak berteriak. |
| Kesempatan yang tidak dipakai | could have atau might have: kesempatan yang tidak diambil siapa pun | You could have told me. | Kamu bisa saja memberi tahu saya. |
| Tindakan yang tidak perlu | needn't have: dilakukan, padahal tidak perlu | I needn't have hurried. | Saya sebenarnya tidak perlu terburu-buru. |
| Masa lampau tidak nyata | would have untuk akibat dari syarat yang tidak nyata di masa lampau | If I had known, I would have called. | Kalau saya tahu, saya pasti sudah menelepon. |
| Pasif dan continuous | setelah kata kerja modal apa pun: have been + past participle / V-ing | It must have been lost. / She can't have been sleeping. | Itu pasti hilang. / Dia tidak mungkin sedang tidur. |
| Adverbia di dalam bentuk | may well have: sangat mungkin; can't possibly have: mustahil | She may well have forgotten. / You can't possibly have finished. | Dia sangat mungkin lupa. / Kamu tidak mungkin sudah selesai. |
| Harapan dan perkiraan | should have: seharusnya sudah terjadi sekarang; would have: sebuah perkiraan | It should have arrived by now. / That would have been ten years ago. | Seharusnya sudah tiba sekarang. / Itu mungkin sepuluh tahun yang lalu. |
| Rencana yang gagal | was to have + past participle: direncanakan, tetapi tidak terjadi | The bridge was to have opened in May. | Jembatan itu direncanakan dibuka pada bulan Mei. |
| Jebakan | tulis have atau 've, jangan pernah of | You should've called. | Seharusnya kamu menelepon. |

## Bentuk: kata kerja modal dengan have dan past participle

| Bentuk | Pola | Contoh |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Positif | subjek + must / should / could / might + have + past participle | She should have called. |
| Negatif | subjek + can't / couldn't / shouldn't / needn't + have + past participle | You shouldn't have waited. |
| Pertanyaan | Should / Could / Would + subjek + have + past participle | Should I have called? |

- Kata kerja modal dan have hanya punya satu bentuk untuk semua subjek: I should have gone. / They should have gone. — Seharusnya saya pergi. / Seharusnya mereka pergi.
- may dan might diikuti not sebagai kata terpisah: She might not have heard. — Mungkin dia tidak mendengarnya.

## Bentuk: bentuk singkat

| Bentuk lengkap | Bentuk singkat | Contoh |
| --- | --- | --- |
| should have | should've | You should've left early. |
| must have | must've | She must've left early. |
| could have | could've | We could've stayed. |
| might have | might've | It might've rained. |
| would have | would've / 'd have | I'd have gone. |

- Bentuk singkat dipakai dalam percakapan dan tulisan informal; tulisan formal memakai bentuk lengkap.

## Pelafalan: have setelah kata kerja modal

| Bentuk | Bunyi | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| should have | /ʃəd əv/ | You should have called. /juː ʃəd əv ˈkɔːld/ | Seharusnya kamu menelepon. |
| must have | /məst əv/ | She must have left. /ʃi məst əv ˈleft/ | Dia pasti sudah pergi. |
| could have | /kəd əv/ | We could have won. /wi kəd əv ˈwʌn/ | Kita bisa saja menang. |
| can't have | /kɑːnt əv/ (AS: /kænt əv/) | He can't have known. /hi ˈkɑːnt əv ˈnəʊn/ | Dia tidak mungkin sudah tahu. |
| needn't have | /ˈniːdnt əv/ | I needn't have gone. /aɪ ˈniːdnt əv ˈɡɒn/ | Saya sebenarnya tidak perlu pergi. |

- Setelah kata kerja modal, have lemah, /əv/: bunyinya seperti of, tetapi ditulis have atau 've.
- Dalam kalimat positif tekanan jatuh pada past participle; kata kerja modal dan have lemah.

## Penggunaan: kesimpulan tentang masa lampau

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yakin hal itu terjadi | must + have + past participle | Their car has gone, so they must have left. | Mobil mereka sudah tidak ada, jadi mereka pasti sudah pergi. |
| Yakin hal itu tidak terjadi | can't / couldn't + have + past participle | He can't have known. Nobody told him. | Dia tidak mungkin tahu. Tidak ada yang memberi tahu dia. |
| Mungkin hal itu terjadi | may / might / could + have + past participle | She might have missed the train. | Mungkin dia ketinggalan kereta. |
| Mungkin hal itu tidak terjadi | may not / might not + have + past participle | They might not have heard the bell. | Mungkin mereka tidak mendengar bel itu. |
| Tindakan yang sedang berlangsung | must + have been + V-ing | They must have been waiting for hours. | Mereka pasti sudah menunggu berjam-jam. |

## Penggunaan: kritik dan penyesalan

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tindakan baik yang tidak dilakukan | should / ought to + have + past participle | You should have asked first. / I ought to have saved more. | Seharusnya kamu bertanya dulu. / Seharusnya saya menabung lebih banyak. |
| Tindakan buruk yang dilakukan | shouldn't + have + past participle | I shouldn't have shouted at her. | Seharusnya saya tidak berteriak padanya. |
| Kesempatan yang tidak diambil siapa pun | could / might + have + past participle | You could have told me. / You might have told me! | Kamu bisa saja memberi tahu saya. / Setidaknya kamu bisa memberi tahu saya! |

- might have menyalahkan lebih kuat daripada could have.

## Perbandingan: needn't have dan didn't need to

| Poin | needn't have | didn't need to |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arti | hal itu dilakukan, dan tidak perlu | tidak perlu; mungkin hal itu tidak terjadi |
| Contoh | I needn't have brought a coat. It was warm. — Saya sebenarnya tidak perlu membawa mantel. Cuacanya hangat. | I didn't need to bring a coat, so I left it at home. — Saya tidak perlu membawa mantel, jadi saya meninggalkannya di rumah. |
| Contoh | — | I didn't need to bring a coat, but I brought one. — Saya tidak perlu membawa mantel, tetapi saya membawanya. |

- Untuk bentuk present dari need, lihat Need dan dare.

## Perbandingan: could, was able to, dan could have

| Poin | could | was able to | could have |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arti | kemampuan umum di masa lampau | keberhasilan pada satu kesempatan | kemampuan atau kesempatan yang tidak dipakai |
| Contoh | I could swim when I was five. — Saya bisa berenang ketika berumur lima tahun. | I was able to swim across the lake yesterday. — Kemarin saya berhasil berenang menyeberangi danau. | I could have swum across, but I was tired. — Saya bisa saja berenang menyeberang, tetapi saya lelah. |

- Lihat Can dan could.

## Penggunaan: masa lampau hipotetis

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Akibat dari syarat yang tidak nyata di masa lampau | would + have + past participle | If I had known, I would have called. | Kalau saya tahu, saya pasti sudah menelepon. |
| Akibat tanpa klausa if | would + have + past participle | I would have helped, but nobody asked me. | Saya pasti sudah membantu, tetapi tidak ada yang meminta saya. |
| Hal yang tidak akan mungkin terjadi | wouldn't / couldn't + have + past participle | We couldn't have won without her. | Kami tidak akan bisa menang tanpa dia. |
| Perbandingan dengan apa yang mungkin terjadi | would / could + have been + kata sifat | It would have been better to wait. / It could have been worse. | Akan lebih baik kalau menunggu. / Bisa saja lebih buruk. |
| Akibat yang mungkin, kurang pasti daripada would have | might + have + past participle | If he had tried harder, he might have won. | Kalau dia berusaha lebih keras, mungkin dia menang. |

- Klausa if memakai past perfect: if + had + past participle. Lihat Kalimat conditional.

## Bentuk: pasif dan continuous

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pasif: yakin hal itu terjadi | must + have been + past participle | The window must have been left open. | Jendela itu pasti dibiarkan terbuka. |
| Pasif: sesuatu yang tidak dilakukan | should + have been + past participle | You should have been told earlier. | Seharusnya kamu diberi tahu lebih awal. |
| Continuous: mungkin | might + have been + V-ing | He might have been working late. | Mungkin dia sedang bekerja sampai larut. |
| Continuous: yakin hal itu tidak terjadi | can't + have been + V-ing | She can't have been sleeping. The light was on. | Dia tidak mungkin sedang tidur. Lampunya menyala. |

## Adverbia di antara kata kerja modal dan have

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sangat mungkin hal itu terjadi | may well / might well + have + past participle | She may well have forgotten. | Dia sangat mungkin lupa. |
| Ada sedikit kemungkinan hal itu terjadi | may just / might just + have + past participle | The shop might just have closed. | Mungkin saja toko itu sudah tutup. |
| Hampir pasti hal itu tidak terjadi | can hardly / can scarcely + have + past participle | He can hardly have meant it. | Dia hampir tidak mungkin bermaksud begitu. |
| Yakin hal itu tidak terjadi, dengan penekanan | can't possibly / couldn't possibly + have + past participle | You can't possibly have finished already. | Kamu tidak mungkin sudah selesai secepat ini. |
| Yakin hal itu terjadi, dengan penekanan | must surely + have + past participle | They must surely have heard the noise. | Mereka pasti mendengar kebisingan itu. |

## Penggunaan: harapan dan perkiraan

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hasil yang diharapkan sudah terjadi sekarang | should + have + past participle | The parcel should have arrived by now. | Paketnya seharusnya sudah tiba sekarang. |
| Perkiraan tentang masa lampau | would + have + past participle | That would have been about ten years ago. / She would have been twenty then. | Itu mungkin sekitar sepuluh tahun yang lalu. / Waktu itu dia mungkin berumur dua puluh tahun. |
| Dugaan tentang tindakan yang sudah selesai | will + have + past participle | You'll have heard the news. | Kamu pasti sudah mendengar kabar itu. |

- Untuk will dalam dugaan, lihat Will dan shall.

## Penggunaan: kewajiban, rencana, dan kalimat tak langsung

| Penggunaan | Pola | Contoh | Bahasa Indonesia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kewajiban yang tidak dipenuhi | was supposed to have + past participle | She was supposed to have called me by noon. | Dia seharusnya sudah menelepon saya sebelum tengah hari. |
| Rencana yang tidak terjadi | was to have + past participle | The bridge was to have opened in May. | Jembatan itu direncanakan dibuka pada bulan Mei. |
| Rencana yang dibuat sebelum peristiwa lampau lainnya | had been due to + V | The train had been due to leave at six. | Kereta itu dijadwalkan berangkat pukul enam. |
| Kalimat tak langsung | kata kerja modal dengan have tidak berubah | You should have called. → He said I should have called. | Seharusnya kamu menelepon. → Dia bilang seharusnya saya menelepon. |

## Kesalahan umum

| ✗ | ✓ | Aturan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| You should of called. | You should have called. | tulis have atau 've, yang terdengar seperti of |
| She must had left. | She must have left. | have tidak pernah berubah setelah kata kerja modal |
| He should have went home. | He should have gone home. | have + past participle |
| He mustn't have known. | He can't have known. | yakin hal itu tidak terjadi: can't have atau couldn't have |
| I needn't have gone, so I stayed at home. | I didn't need to go, so I stayed at home. | needn't have berarti tindakan itu sudah dilakukan |
| If I would have known, I would have called. | If I had known, I would have called. | klausa if memakai past perfect, tanpa would |
| The keys must have been losing. | The keys must have been lost. | pasif: been + past participle; continuous: been + V-ing |
| He can't hardly have known. | He can hardly have known. | hardly sudah bermakna negatif: tanpa negasi kedua |